The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3160 |
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| author | Joseph Bouskila Maxime Bleau Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes Jean-François Bouchard Maurice Ptito |
| author_facet | Joseph Bouskila Maxime Bleau Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes Jean-François Bouchard Maurice Ptito |
| author_sort | Joseph Bouskila |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in the vertical glutamatergic pathway, and also in the horizontal GABAergic pathway. Modulating the eCB system regulates normal retinal function as demonstrated by electrophysiological recordings. The characterization of the expression patterns of all types of cannabinoid receptors in the retina is progressing, and further research is needed to elucidate their exact role in processing visual information. Typical cannabinoid receptors include G-protein coupled receptor CB1R and CB2R, and atypical cannabinoid receptors include the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This review focuses on the expression and localization studies carried out in monkeys, but some data on other animal species and humans will also be reported. Furthermore, the role of the endogenous cannabinoid receptors in retinal function will also be presented using intraocular injections of known modulators (agonists and antagonists) on electroretinographic patterns in monkeys. The effects of the natural bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylglucoside and synthetic FAAH inhibitor URB597 on retinal function, will also be described. Finally, the potential of typical and atypical cannabinoid receptor acti-vity regulation in retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa will be briefly explored. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:36:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff36515b206340508c29e5281371c329 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:36:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff36515b206340508c29e5281371c3292023-11-22T22:52:10ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-11-011011316010.3390/cells10113160The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid ReceptorsJoseph Bouskila0Maxime Bleau1Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes2Jean-François Bouchard3Maurice Ptito4School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P1, CanadaSchool of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P1, CanadaSchool of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P1, CanadaSchool of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P1, CanadaSchool of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P1, CanadaThe endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in the vertical glutamatergic pathway, and also in the horizontal GABAergic pathway. Modulating the eCB system regulates normal retinal function as demonstrated by electrophysiological recordings. The characterization of the expression patterns of all types of cannabinoid receptors in the retina is progressing, and further research is needed to elucidate their exact role in processing visual information. Typical cannabinoid receptors include G-protein coupled receptor CB1R and CB2R, and atypical cannabinoid receptors include the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This review focuses on the expression and localization studies carried out in monkeys, but some data on other animal species and humans will also be reported. Furthermore, the role of the endogenous cannabinoid receptors in retinal function will also be presented using intraocular injections of known modulators (agonists and antagonists) on electroretinographic patterns in monkeys. The effects of the natural bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylglucoside and synthetic FAAH inhibitor URB597 on retinal function, will also be described. Finally, the potential of typical and atypical cannabinoid receptor acti-vity regulation in retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa will be briefly explored.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3160retinatypical cannabinoid receptorsatypical cannabinoid receptorsimmunohistochemistryelectroretinographymonkeys |
| spellingShingle | Joseph Bouskila Maxime Bleau Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes Jean-François Bouchard Maurice Ptito The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors Cells retina typical cannabinoid receptors atypical cannabinoid receptors immunohistochemistry electroretinography monkeys |
| title | The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors |
| title_full | The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors |
| title_fullStr | The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors |
| title_short | The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors |
| title_sort | vertical and horizontal pathways in the monkey retina are modulated by typical and atypical cannabinoid receptors |
| topic | retina typical cannabinoid receptors atypical cannabinoid receptors immunohistochemistry electroretinography monkeys |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3160 |
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