“Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director
The neural, the endocrine, and the immune systems are studied as distinct districts in physiological and pathological settings. However, these systems must be investigated with an integrative approach, while also considering that therapeutic agents, such as glucocorticoids, can induce a reversible o...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/17/13192 |
| _version_ | 1797582495812681728 |
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| author | Maria Cristina Maggio Angela Miniaci Romina Gallizzi Adele Civino |
| author_facet | Maria Cristina Maggio Angela Miniaci Romina Gallizzi Adele Civino |
| author_sort | Maria Cristina Maggio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The neural, the endocrine, and the immune systems are studied as distinct districts in physiological and pathological settings. However, these systems must be investigated with an integrative approach, while also considering that therapeutic agents, such as glucocorticoids, can induce a reversible or irreversible change of this homeostasis. Children and adolescents affected by rheumatic diseases frequently need treatment with corticosteroids, and the treatment must sometimes be continued for a long time. In the biological era, the treat-to-target strategy allowed a real revolution in treatment, with significant steroid dose sparing or, in many patients, steroid treatment withdrawal. In this review, the impact of glucocorticoids on endocrine, immune, and neurologic targets is analyzed, and the crosstalk between these systems is highlighted. In this narrative review, we explore the reasoning as to why glucocorticoids can disrupt this homeostasis, we summarize some of the key results supporting the impact of glucocorticoids treatment on endocrine, immune, and neurologic systems, and we discuss the data reported in the international literature. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:22:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff36ea29eabc4fbfbeb226f6d22e2bb3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:22:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff36ea29eabc4fbfbeb226f6d22e2bb32023-11-19T08:13:46ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-08-0124171319210.3390/ijms241713192“Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra DirectorMaria Cristina Maggio0Angela Miniaci1Romina Gallizzi2Adele Civino3University Department PROMISE “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, ItalyPaediatric Rheumatology, UOC of Paediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyPaediatric Unit, Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyPaediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, ItalyThe neural, the endocrine, and the immune systems are studied as distinct districts in physiological and pathological settings. However, these systems must be investigated with an integrative approach, while also considering that therapeutic agents, such as glucocorticoids, can induce a reversible or irreversible change of this homeostasis. Children and adolescents affected by rheumatic diseases frequently need treatment with corticosteroids, and the treatment must sometimes be continued for a long time. In the biological era, the treat-to-target strategy allowed a real revolution in treatment, with significant steroid dose sparing or, in many patients, steroid treatment withdrawal. In this review, the impact of glucocorticoids on endocrine, immune, and neurologic targets is analyzed, and the crosstalk between these systems is highlighted. In this narrative review, we explore the reasoning as to why glucocorticoids can disrupt this homeostasis, we summarize some of the key results supporting the impact of glucocorticoids treatment on endocrine, immune, and neurologic systems, and we discuss the data reported in the international literature.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/17/13192glucocorticoidsrheumatic diseasesgrowth hormonepubertyIGF-1growth plate |
| spellingShingle | Maria Cristina Maggio Angela Miniaci Romina Gallizzi Adele Civino “Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director International Journal of Molecular Sciences glucocorticoids rheumatic diseases growth hormone puberty IGF-1 growth plate |
| title | “Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director |
| title_full | “Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director |
| title_fullStr | “Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director |
| title_full_unstemmed | “Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director |
| title_short | “Neuroimmunoendocrinology” in Children with Rheumatic Diseases: How Glucocorticoids Are the Orchestra Director |
| title_sort | neuroimmunoendocrinology in children with rheumatic diseases how glucocorticoids are the orchestra director |
| topic | glucocorticoids rheumatic diseases growth hormone puberty IGF-1 growth plate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/17/13192 |
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