An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior
Fifth Generation (5G) signals using the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrums are highly vulnerable to blockage due to rapid variations in channel link quality. This can cause the devices or User Equipment (UE) to suffer from connection failure. In a dual connectivity (DC) network, the channel’s interm...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4357 |
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| author | Vigneswara Rao Gannapathy Rosdiadee Nordin Asma Abu-Samah Nor Fadzilah Abdullah Mahamod Ismail |
| author_facet | Vigneswara Rao Gannapathy Rosdiadee Nordin Asma Abu-Samah Nor Fadzilah Abdullah Mahamod Ismail |
| author_sort | Vigneswara Rao Gannapathy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fifth Generation (5G) signals using the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrums are highly vulnerable to blockage due to rapid variations in channel link quality. This can cause the devices or User Equipment (UE) to suffer from connection failure. In a dual connectivity (DC) network, the channel’s intermittency issues were partially solved by maintaining the UE’s connectivity to primary (LTE advanced stations) and secondary (5G mmWave stations) simultaneously. Even though the dual-connected network performs excellently in maintaining connectivity, its performance drops significantly due to the inefficient handover from one 5G mmWave station to another. The situation worsens when UE travels a long distance in a highly dense obstacle environment, which requires multiple ineffective handovers that eventually lead to performance degradation. This research aimed to propose an Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) mechanism that deals with unpredictable 5G mmWave wireless channel behaviors that are highly intermittent. An adaptive algorithm was developed to automatically adjust the handover control parameters, such as Time-to-Trigger (TTT), based on the current state of channel condition measured by the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR). The developed algorithm was tested under a 5G mmWave statistical channel model to represent a time-varying channel matrix that includes fading and the Doppler effect. The performance of the proposed handover mechanism was analyzed and evaluated in terms of handover probability, latency, and throughput by using the Network Simulator 3 tool. The comparative simulation result shows that the proposed adaptive handover mechanism performs excellently compared to conventional handovers and other enhancement techniques. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:07:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff39a8c12373416fb975eaf0911a0fed |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:07:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff39a8c12373416fb975eaf0911a0fed2023-11-17T23:43:16ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-04-01239435710.3390/s23094357An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel BehaviorVigneswara Rao Gannapathy0Rosdiadee Nordin1Asma Abu-Samah2Nor Fadzilah Abdullah3Mahamod Ismail4Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaFifth Generation (5G) signals using the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrums are highly vulnerable to blockage due to rapid variations in channel link quality. This can cause the devices or User Equipment (UE) to suffer from connection failure. In a dual connectivity (DC) network, the channel’s intermittency issues were partially solved by maintaining the UE’s connectivity to primary (LTE advanced stations) and secondary (5G mmWave stations) simultaneously. Even though the dual-connected network performs excellently in maintaining connectivity, its performance drops significantly due to the inefficient handover from one 5G mmWave station to another. The situation worsens when UE travels a long distance in a highly dense obstacle environment, which requires multiple ineffective handovers that eventually lead to performance degradation. This research aimed to propose an Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) mechanism that deals with unpredictable 5G mmWave wireless channel behaviors that are highly intermittent. An adaptive algorithm was developed to automatically adjust the handover control parameters, such as Time-to-Trigger (TTT), based on the current state of channel condition measured by the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR). The developed algorithm was tested under a 5G mmWave statistical channel model to represent a time-varying channel matrix that includes fading and the Doppler effect. The performance of the proposed handover mechanism was analyzed and evaluated in terms of handover probability, latency, and throughput by using the Network Simulator 3 tool. The comparative simulation result shows that the proposed adaptive handover mechanism performs excellently compared to conventional handovers and other enhancement techniques.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/43575G mmWavedual-connectivityhandoverhandover margin (HOM)latencymulti-RAT |
| spellingShingle | Vigneswara Rao Gannapathy Rosdiadee Nordin Asma Abu-Samah Nor Fadzilah Abdullah Mahamod Ismail An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior Sensors 5G mmWave dual-connectivity handover handover margin (HOM) latency multi-RAT |
| title | An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior |
| title_full | An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior |
| title_fullStr | An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior |
| title_short | An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave—LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior |
| title_sort | adaptive ttt handover ath mechanism for dual connectivity 5g mmwave lte advanced during unpredictable wireless channel behavior |
| topic | 5G mmWave dual-connectivity handover handover margin (HOM) latency multi-RAT |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4357 |
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