What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?
Objective: The goal of this article is to review the past decade's literature and provide a critical commentary on the involvement of immunological mechanisms in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome, other Chronic tic disorders (CTD), and rel...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2020.567407/full |
| _version_ | 1818059361783644160 |
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| author | Davide Martino Isaac Johnson Isaac Johnson James F. Leckman James F. Leckman |
| author_facet | Davide Martino Isaac Johnson Isaac Johnson James F. Leckman James F. Leckman |
| author_sort | Davide Martino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: The goal of this article is to review the past decade's literature and provide a critical commentary on the involvement of immunological mechanisms in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome, other Chronic tic disorders (CTD), and related neuropsychiatric disorders including Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods: We conducted a literature search using the Medline/PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases to locate relevant articles and abstracts published between 2009 and 2020, using a comprehensive list of search terms related to immune mechanisms and the diseases of interest, including both clinical and animal model studies.Results: The cellular and molecular processes that constitute our “immune system” are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that innate and adaptive systemic immune pathways, as well as neuroinflammatory mechanisms, play an important role in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders In the conceptual framework of the holobiont theory, emerging evidence points also to the importance of the “microbiota-gut-brain axis” in the pathobiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders.Conclusions: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. Immunological pathways are implicated in several early neurodevelopmental processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Hyper-reactivity of systemic immune pathways and neuroinflammation may contribute to the natural fluctuations of the core behavioral features of CTD, OCD, and ADHD. There is still limited knowledge of the efficacy of direct and indirect (i.e., through environmental modifications) immune-modulatory interventions in the treatment of these disorders. Future research also needs to focus on the key molecular pathways through which dysbiosis of different tissue microbiota influence neuroimmune interactions in these disorders, and how microbiota modification could modify their natural history. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to the treatment of these disorders. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T13:15:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff555e11868d434389b959a2345daa24 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T13:15:19Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff555e11868d434389b959a2345daa242022-12-22T01:47:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952020-09-011110.3389/fneur.2020.567407567407What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?Davide Martino0Isaac Johnson1Isaac Johnson2James F. Leckman3James F. Leckman4Department of Clinical Neurosciences & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaChild Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United StatesDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United StatesChild Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United StatesDepartments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United StatesObjective: The goal of this article is to review the past decade's literature and provide a critical commentary on the involvement of immunological mechanisms in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome, other Chronic tic disorders (CTD), and related neuropsychiatric disorders including Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods: We conducted a literature search using the Medline/PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases to locate relevant articles and abstracts published between 2009 and 2020, using a comprehensive list of search terms related to immune mechanisms and the diseases of interest, including both clinical and animal model studies.Results: The cellular and molecular processes that constitute our “immune system” are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that innate and adaptive systemic immune pathways, as well as neuroinflammatory mechanisms, play an important role in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders In the conceptual framework of the holobiont theory, emerging evidence points also to the importance of the “microbiota-gut-brain axis” in the pathobiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders.Conclusions: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. Immunological pathways are implicated in several early neurodevelopmental processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Hyper-reactivity of systemic immune pathways and neuroinflammation may contribute to the natural fluctuations of the core behavioral features of CTD, OCD, and ADHD. There is still limited knowledge of the efficacy of direct and indirect (i.e., through environmental modifications) immune-modulatory interventions in the treatment of these disorders. Future research also needs to focus on the key molecular pathways through which dysbiosis of different tissue microbiota influence neuroimmune interactions in these disorders, and how microbiota modification could modify their natural history. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to the treatment of these disorders.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2020.567407/fullTouretteobsessive-compulsive disorderattention deficit hyperactivity disorderimmunologyneuroinflammationmicrobiome |
| spellingShingle | Davide Martino Isaac Johnson Isaac Johnson James F. Leckman James F. Leckman What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? Frontiers in Neurology Tourette obsessive-compulsive disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder immunology neuroinflammation microbiome |
| title | What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? |
| title_full | What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? |
| title_fullStr | What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? |
| title_full_unstemmed | What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? |
| title_short | What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? |
| title_sort | what does immunology have to do with normal brain development and the pathophysiology underlying tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders |
| topic | Tourette obsessive-compulsive disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder immunology neuroinflammation microbiome |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2020.567407/full |
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