Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
Bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract are life-threatening and present a global burden to the global community. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are frequent colonizers of the upper respiratory tract. Imbalances through acquisition of s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02602/full |
| _version_ | 1828319060809482240 |
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| author | Nikolai Siemens Nikolai Siemens Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht Thomas C. Mettenleiter Bernd Kreikemeyer Peter Valentin-Weigand Sven Hammerschmidt |
| author_facet | Nikolai Siemens Nikolai Siemens Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht Thomas C. Mettenleiter Bernd Kreikemeyer Peter Valentin-Weigand Sven Hammerschmidt |
| author_sort | Nikolai Siemens |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract are life-threatening and present a global burden to the global community. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are frequent colonizers of the upper respiratory tract. Imbalances through acquisition of seasonal viruses, e.g., Influenza A virus, can lead to bacterial dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which in turn can result in severe pneumonia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract and focus on potential experimental models suitable for mimicking this disease. Transmission of IAV and pneumonia is mainly modeled by mouse infection. Few studies utilizing ferrets, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates are also available. The knowledge gained from these studies led to important discoveries and advances in understanding these infectious diseases. Nevertheless, mouse and other infection models have limitations, especially in translation of the discoveries to humans. Here, we suggest the use of human engineered lung tissue, human ex vivo lung tissue, and porcine models to study respiratory co-infections, which might contribute to a greater translation of the results to humans and improve both, animal and human health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:51:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff683890d56141fbadba9c0aab400af6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:51:09Z |
| publishDate | 2017-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff683890d56141fbadba9c0aab400af62022-12-22T02:36:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2017-12-01810.3389/fmicb.2017.02602312667Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?Nikolai Siemens0Nikolai Siemens1Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht2Thomas C. Mettenleiter3Bernd Kreikemeyer4Peter Valentin-Weigand5Sven Hammerschmidt6Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, GermanyCenter for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, GermanyInstitute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, GermanyInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, GermanyCenter for Infection Medicine, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, GermanyBacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract are life-threatening and present a global burden to the global community. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are frequent colonizers of the upper respiratory tract. Imbalances through acquisition of seasonal viruses, e.g., Influenza A virus, can lead to bacterial dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which in turn can result in severe pneumonia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract and focus on potential experimental models suitable for mimicking this disease. Transmission of IAV and pneumonia is mainly modeled by mouse infection. Few studies utilizing ferrets, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates are also available. The knowledge gained from these studies led to important discoveries and advances in understanding these infectious diseases. Nevertheless, mouse and other infection models have limitations, especially in translation of the discoveries to humans. Here, we suggest the use of human engineered lung tissue, human ex vivo lung tissue, and porcine models to study respiratory co-infections, which might contribute to a greater translation of the results to humans and improve both, animal and human health.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02602/fullpneumoniaco-infectionsInfluenza A virusGram-positive bacteriaStreptococcus pneumoniaeStaphylococcus aureus |
| spellingShingle | Nikolai Siemens Nikolai Siemens Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht Thomas C. Mettenleiter Bernd Kreikemeyer Peter Valentin-Weigand Sven Hammerschmidt Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? Frontiers in Microbiology pneumonia co-infections Influenza A virus Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus |
| title | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? |
| title_full | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? |
| title_fullStr | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? |
| title_short | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? |
| title_sort | port d entree for respiratory infections does the influenza a virus pave the way for bacteria |
| topic | pneumonia co-infections Influenza A virus Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02602/full |
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