The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects
The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed dru...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-04-01
|
| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/4/349 |
| _version_ | 1797538784517029888 |
|---|---|
| author | Yuxin Yan Yoongxin Pang Zhuoyi Lyu Ruiqi Wang Xinyun Wu Chong You Haitao Zhao Sivakumar Manickam Edward Lester Tao Wu Cheng Heng Pang |
| author_facet | Yuxin Yan Yoongxin Pang Zhuoyi Lyu Ruiqi Wang Xinyun Wu Chong You Haitao Zhao Sivakumar Manickam Edward Lester Tao Wu Cheng Heng Pang |
| author_sort | Yuxin Yan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the development of a vaccine is, in general, in its infancy, current progress is promising. However, the world population will have to continue to adapt to the “new normal” and practice social distancing and hygienic measures, at least until effective vaccines are available to the general public. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:36:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff698a83d89540dba82147cf98bb3202 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:36:20Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff698a83d89540dba82147cf98bb32022023-11-21T14:17:39ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-04-019434910.3390/vaccines9040349The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and ProspectsYuxin Yan0Yoongxin Pang1Zhuoyi Lyu2Ruiqi Wang3Xinyun Wu4Chong You5Haitao Zhao6Sivakumar Manickam7Edward Lester8Tao Wu9Cheng Heng Pang10Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, ChinaNew Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, ChinaDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, ChinaNew Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, ChinaNew Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, ChinaBeijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaMITMECHE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAPetroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, BruneiDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, ChinaNew Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, ChinaThe highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the development of a vaccine is, in general, in its infancy, current progress is promising. However, the world population will have to continue to adapt to the “new normal” and practice social distancing and hygienic measures, at least until effective vaccines are available to the general public.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/4/349vaccinesCOVID-19global pandemiccoronavirusSARS-CoV-2 |
| spellingShingle | Yuxin Yan Yoongxin Pang Zhuoyi Lyu Ruiqi Wang Xinyun Wu Chong You Haitao Zhao Sivakumar Manickam Edward Lester Tao Wu Cheng Heng Pang The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects Vaccines vaccines COVID-19 global pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 |
| title | The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects |
| title_full | The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects |
| title_fullStr | The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects |
| title_full_unstemmed | The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects |
| title_short | The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects |
| title_sort | covid 19 vaccines recent development challenges and prospects |
| topic | vaccines COVID-19 global pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/4/349 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yuxinyan thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT yoongxinpang thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT zhuoyilyu thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT ruiqiwang thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT xinyunwu thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT chongyou thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT haitaozhao thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT sivakumarmanickam thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT edwardlester thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT taowu thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT chenghengpang thecovid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT yuxinyan covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT yoongxinpang covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT zhuoyilyu covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT ruiqiwang covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT xinyunwu covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT chongyou covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT haitaozhao covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT sivakumarmanickam covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT edwardlester covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT taowu covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects AT chenghengpang covid19vaccinesrecentdevelopmentchallengesandprospects |