Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap?
Analysis of the current state of nutrient stocks, flows, and balances of a territory is necessary to inform strategies that can transition the agri-food sector to a circular economy model. In this study, we quantified the nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for the Bolivian agri-food system at national...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.956325/full |
| _version_ | 1818471502309228544 |
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| author | Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado Cesar Ariel Perez-Mercado Björn Vinnerås Prithvi Simha |
| author_facet | Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado Cesar Ariel Perez-Mercado Björn Vinnerås Prithvi Simha |
| author_sort | Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Analysis of the current state of nutrient stocks, flows, and balances of a territory is necessary to inform strategies that can transition the agri-food sector to a circular economy model. In this study, we quantified the nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for the Bolivian agri-food system at national and regional scales by way of agro-ecological zoning. We performed nutrient balances to calculate indicators for sufficiency (extent of nutrient deficit/surplus) and circularity (proportion of nutrients recirculated). We also evaluated the potential of renewable stocks (human excreta and livestock manure) to meet nutrient deficits in the system. Our results showed that there are apparent deficits of 32 kt N and 8 kt P in the system that cannot be accounted for using available data. We estimate the real deficits required to bring yields of 45 crops grown in Bolivia to parity with those of neighbouring countries to be 110 kt N and 33 kt P. About 44% of nitrogen and 74% of phosphorus is currently recirculated in the system, with the major nutrient inputs being biological nitrogen fixation, livestock manure, and crop residues. However, nutrient recycling is likely to decrease in the future because the national strategy to address nutrient deficits is to increase domestic production of synthetic fertilisers. Our analysis also shows that there is a sufficient stock of nutrients already available in human excreta (39 kt N and 5 kt P) to cover 100% of the nitrogen deficit and 64% of the phosphorus deficit. The low-altitude zone of Chiquitania-Pantanal alone accounts for 65% of cultivation and 80% of the nutrient demand in the country. Here, export-oriented crops like soybean and sorghum are grown, but less than 25% of the nitrogen is recirculated. In contrast, there are nutrient surpluses of 41 kt N and 34 kt P in agro-ecological zones like the Valleys and Altiplano where traditional agriculture is practiced, and the majority of food is grown for local consumption. Overall, we find that recycling of human excreta, combined with transfer of regional nutrient surpluses, could be an effective strategy to reduce the overall nutrient deficit in the system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:51:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff744e31c9f5420ab6857507a62b1f22 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:51:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff744e31c9f5420ab6857507a62b1f222022-12-22T02:14:01ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2022-07-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.956325956325Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap?Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado0Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado1Cesar Ariel Perez-Mercado2Björn Vinnerås3Prithvi Simha4Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Uppsala, SwedenCentro de Aguas y Saneamiento Ambiental (CASA), Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Calle Sucre y Parque Latorre, Cochabamba, BoliviaIndependent Researcher, Cochabamba, BoliviaSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Uppsala, SwedenSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Uppsala, SwedenAnalysis of the current state of nutrient stocks, flows, and balances of a territory is necessary to inform strategies that can transition the agri-food sector to a circular economy model. In this study, we quantified the nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for the Bolivian agri-food system at national and regional scales by way of agro-ecological zoning. We performed nutrient balances to calculate indicators for sufficiency (extent of nutrient deficit/surplus) and circularity (proportion of nutrients recirculated). We also evaluated the potential of renewable stocks (human excreta and livestock manure) to meet nutrient deficits in the system. Our results showed that there are apparent deficits of 32 kt N and 8 kt P in the system that cannot be accounted for using available data. We estimate the real deficits required to bring yields of 45 crops grown in Bolivia to parity with those of neighbouring countries to be 110 kt N and 33 kt P. About 44% of nitrogen and 74% of phosphorus is currently recirculated in the system, with the major nutrient inputs being biological nitrogen fixation, livestock manure, and crop residues. However, nutrient recycling is likely to decrease in the future because the national strategy to address nutrient deficits is to increase domestic production of synthetic fertilisers. Our analysis also shows that there is a sufficient stock of nutrients already available in human excreta (39 kt N and 5 kt P) to cover 100% of the nitrogen deficit and 64% of the phosphorus deficit. The low-altitude zone of Chiquitania-Pantanal alone accounts for 65% of cultivation and 80% of the nutrient demand in the country. Here, export-oriented crops like soybean and sorghum are grown, but less than 25% of the nitrogen is recirculated. In contrast, there are nutrient surpluses of 41 kt N and 34 kt P in agro-ecological zones like the Valleys and Altiplano where traditional agriculture is practiced, and the majority of food is grown for local consumption. Overall, we find that recycling of human excreta, combined with transfer of regional nutrient surpluses, could be an effective strategy to reduce the overall nutrient deficit in the system.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.956325/fullcircular economyfertilizermanurenitrogen budgetphosphorussoybean |
| spellingShingle | Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado Cesar Ariel Perez-Mercado Björn Vinnerås Prithvi Simha Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap? Frontiers in Environmental Science circular economy fertilizer manure nitrogen budget phosphorus soybean |
| title | Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap? |
| title_full | Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap? |
| title_fullStr | Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap? |
| title_short | Nutrient stocks, flows and balances for the Bolivian agri-food system: Can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap? |
| title_sort | nutrient stocks flows and balances for the bolivian agri food system can recycling human excreta close the nutrient circularity gap |
| topic | circular economy fertilizer manure nitrogen budget phosphorus soybean |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.956325/full |
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