Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis
Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.), being one of the distinguished commercial spice crops in the world, is in demand for its culinary, colorant, and pharmaceutical benefits. In this study, a novel indirect somatic embryogenesis (SE) system was, thus, established for the study of this pla...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/1/10 |
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| author | Yangyang Ma Yiyu Pan Bizeng Mao |
| author_facet | Yangyang Ma Yiyu Pan Bizeng Mao |
| author_sort | Yangyang Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.), being one of the distinguished commercial spice crops in the world, is in demand for its culinary, colorant, and pharmaceutical benefits. In this study, a novel indirect somatic embryogenesis (SE) system was, thus, established for the study of this plant. To this end, firstly, the lateral buds were cultured. Then, the cultures were transformed using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with either 6-benzyladenine (BA: 5 and 10 mg/L), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA: 0, 1, and 2 mg/L), or trans-zeatin (tZ: 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L), before being classified into four structures: white globular (WG), yellow compact nodular (YCN), yellow-brown fragile (YBF), and dark-brown porous (DBP). As soon as BA (10 mg/L) and NAA (2 mg/L) were added, elevated percentages of white globular calli (56.8%) and white globular calli (31.5%) structures were induced. Additionally, 6-benzyladenine (5 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (1 mg/L) allowed the formation of yellow-brown fragile structures, and the combination of 6-benzyladenine (10 mg/L) with trans-zeatin (1 mg/L) formed the DBP structures. After three months, the white globular calli were incubated using the MS basal medium, before being augmented with thidiazuron (TDZ: 1 mg/L) and picloram (PIC: 2 mg/L), from which 60% of the cases matured into shoots and, ultimately, cormlets. Morphoanatomical analyses also showed that the white globular calli cells were closely arranged, as they had a dense cytoplasm, a significant vascular differentiation, and embryoids. Furthermore, the yellow compact nodular structures were characterized by a strong differentiation capacity and contained many meristematic cells with high caryomitosis centers. We observed that the yellow-brown fragile calli had looser cell arrangements, with a vascular structure located on the protoderm edge, while there was no obvious cellular arrangement in the dark-brown porous structures. The induction of the adventitious buds in vivo on the MS medium that was supplemented with thidiazuron and picloram accordingly demonstrated the highest rates (60%) of white globular calli. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:59:55Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:59:55Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ff8cecaf096741e5ac44f65cd0ca6fb42024-01-10T15:05:53ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-12-011311010.3390/plants13010010Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic EmbryogenesisYangyang Ma0Yiyu Pan1Bizeng Mao2Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaInstitute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaInstitute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaSaffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.), being one of the distinguished commercial spice crops in the world, is in demand for its culinary, colorant, and pharmaceutical benefits. In this study, a novel indirect somatic embryogenesis (SE) system was, thus, established for the study of this plant. To this end, firstly, the lateral buds were cultured. Then, the cultures were transformed using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with either 6-benzyladenine (BA: 5 and 10 mg/L), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA: 0, 1, and 2 mg/L), or trans-zeatin (tZ: 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L), before being classified into four structures: white globular (WG), yellow compact nodular (YCN), yellow-brown fragile (YBF), and dark-brown porous (DBP). As soon as BA (10 mg/L) and NAA (2 mg/L) were added, elevated percentages of white globular calli (56.8%) and white globular calli (31.5%) structures were induced. Additionally, 6-benzyladenine (5 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (1 mg/L) allowed the formation of yellow-brown fragile structures, and the combination of 6-benzyladenine (10 mg/L) with trans-zeatin (1 mg/L) formed the DBP structures. After three months, the white globular calli were incubated using the MS basal medium, before being augmented with thidiazuron (TDZ: 1 mg/L) and picloram (PIC: 2 mg/L), from which 60% of the cases matured into shoots and, ultimately, cormlets. Morphoanatomical analyses also showed that the white globular calli cells were closely arranged, as they had a dense cytoplasm, a significant vascular differentiation, and embryoids. Furthermore, the yellow compact nodular structures were characterized by a strong differentiation capacity and contained many meristematic cells with high caryomitosis centers. We observed that the yellow-brown fragile calli had looser cell arrangements, with a vascular structure located on the protoderm edge, while there was no obvious cellular arrangement in the dark-brown porous structures. The induction of the adventitious buds in vivo on the MS medium that was supplemented with thidiazuron and picloram accordingly demonstrated the highest rates (60%) of white globular calli.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/1/10<i>Crocus sativus</i>differentiationmorpho-histologicalsomatic embryogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Yangyang Ma Yiyu Pan Bizeng Mao Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Plants <i>Crocus sativus</i> differentiation morpho-histological somatic embryogenesis |
| title | Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_full | Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_fullStr | Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_short | Regenerating Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) from Corm Lateral Buds via Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_sort | regenerating saffron i crocus sativus i l from corm lateral buds via indirect somatic embryogenesis |
| topic | <i>Crocus sativus</i> differentiation morpho-histological somatic embryogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/1/10 |
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