Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds
Previous studies have shown that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. An unanswered question is how urinary VOCs change over time as tumors progress. To explore this, BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1.2 triple negative murine tumor cells in the tibia. This ty...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/6/1462 |
| _version_ | 1797540398863745024 |
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| author | Mark Woollam Luqi Wang Paul Grocki Shengzhi Liu Amanda P. Siegel Maitri Kalra John V. Goodpaster Hiroki Yokota Mangilal Agarwal |
| author_facet | Mark Woollam Luqi Wang Paul Grocki Shengzhi Liu Amanda P. Siegel Maitri Kalra John V. Goodpaster Hiroki Yokota Mangilal Agarwal |
| author_sort | Mark Woollam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Previous studies have shown that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. An unanswered question is how urinary VOCs change over time as tumors progress. To explore this, BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1.2 triple negative murine tumor cells in the tibia. This typically causes tumor progression and osteolysis in 1–2 weeks. Samples were collected prior to tumor injection and from days 2–19. Samples were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Univariate analysis identified VOCs that were biomarkers for breast cancer; some of these varied significantly over time and others did not. Principal component analysis was used to distinguish Cancer (all Weeks) from Control and Cancer Week 1 from Cancer Week 3 with over 90% accuracy. Forward feature selection and linear discriminant analysis identified a unique panel that could identify tumor presence with 94% accuracy and distinguish progression (Cancer Week 1 from Cancer Week 3) with 97% accuracy. Principal component regression analysis also demonstrated that a VOC panel could predict number of days since tumor injection (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.71 and adjusted <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.63). VOC biomarkers identified by these analyses were associated with metabolic pathways relevant to breast cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:00:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ffc1e879186c4a38976a92d786737e99 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:00:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-ffc1e879186c4a38976a92d786737e992023-11-21T11:36:30ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942021-03-01136146210.3390/cancers13061462Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic CompoundsMark Woollam0Luqi Wang1Paul Grocki2Shengzhi Liu3Amanda P. Siegel4Maitri Kalra5John V. Goodpaster6Hiroki Yokota7Mangilal Agarwal8Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USAIntegrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USAIntegrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USAHematology and Oncology, Ball Memorial Hospital, Indiana University Health, Muncie, IN 47303, USADepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USAIntegrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USAPrevious studies have shown that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. An unanswered question is how urinary VOCs change over time as tumors progress. To explore this, BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1.2 triple negative murine tumor cells in the tibia. This typically causes tumor progression and osteolysis in 1–2 weeks. Samples were collected prior to tumor injection and from days 2–19. Samples were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Univariate analysis identified VOCs that were biomarkers for breast cancer; some of these varied significantly over time and others did not. Principal component analysis was used to distinguish Cancer (all Weeks) from Control and Cancer Week 1 from Cancer Week 3 with over 90% accuracy. Forward feature selection and linear discriminant analysis identified a unique panel that could identify tumor presence with 94% accuracy and distinguish progression (Cancer Week 1 from Cancer Week 3) with 97% accuracy. Principal component regression analysis also demonstrated that a VOC panel could predict number of days since tumor injection (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.71 and adjusted <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.63). VOC biomarkers identified by these analyses were associated with metabolic pathways relevant to breast cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/6/1462volatile organic compounds (VOCs)gas chromatography (GC)mass spectrometry (MS)headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)breast cancer biomarkersprincipal component analysis (PCA) |
| spellingShingle | Mark Woollam Luqi Wang Paul Grocki Shengzhi Liu Amanda P. Siegel Maitri Kalra John V. Goodpaster Hiroki Yokota Mangilal Agarwal Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds Cancers volatile organic compounds (VOCs) gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS) headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) breast cancer biomarkers principal component analysis (PCA) |
| title | Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_full | Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_fullStr | Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_short | Tracking the Progression of Triple Negative Mammary Tumors over Time by Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_sort | tracking the progression of triple negative mammary tumors over time by chemometric analysis of urinary volatile organic compounds |
| topic | volatile organic compounds (VOCs) gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS) headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) breast cancer biomarkers principal component analysis (PCA) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/6/1462 |
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