Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, ox...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749291/full |
| _version_ | 1798034825621274624 |
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| author | Hayder M. Al-kuraishy Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab Keneth Iceland Kasozi Keneth Iceland Kasozi Gerald Zirintunda Akhmed Aslam Mamdouh Allahyani Susan Christina Welburn Susan Christina Welburn Gaber El-Saber Batiha |
| author_facet | Hayder M. Al-kuraishy Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab Keneth Iceland Kasozi Keneth Iceland Kasozi Gerald Zirintunda Akhmed Aslam Mamdouh Allahyani Susan Christina Welburn Susan Christina Welburn Gaber El-Saber Batiha |
| author_sort | Hayder M. Al-kuraishy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and sympatho-activation and in severe cases leads to sympathetic storm (SS). On the other hand, an exaggerated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 invasion may lead to uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokine development of cytokine storm (CS). In Covid-19, there are interactive interactions between CS and SS in the development of multi-organ failure (MOF). Interestingly, cutting the bridge between CS and SS by anti-inflammatory and anti-adrenergic agents may mitigate complications that are induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severely affected Covid-19 patients. The potential mechanisms of SS in Covid-19 are through different pathways such as hypoxia, which activate the central sympathetic center through carotid bodies chemosensory input and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cross the blood-brain barrier and activation of the sympathetic center. β2-receptors signaling pathway play a crucial role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and B-cells for the production of antibodies with inflammation exacerbation. β-blockers have anti-inflammatory effects through reduction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, β-blockers interrupt this interaction through inhibition of several mediators of CS and SS with prevention development of neural-cytokine loop in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence from this study triggers an idea for future prospective studies to confirm the potential role of β-blockers in the management of Covid-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:49:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fff068493d4843eca7fd5b290dd92f21 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:49:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-fff068493d4843eca7fd5b290dd92f212022-12-22T04:03:53ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-11-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.749291749291Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19Hayder M. Al-kuraishy0Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb1Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab2Keneth Iceland Kasozi3Keneth Iceland Kasozi4Gerald Zirintunda5Akhmed Aslam6Mamdouh Allahyani7Susan Christina Welburn8Susan Christina Welburn9Gaber El-Saber Batiha10Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, IraqDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, IraqPharmacology Department, Health Sciences Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaInfection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomSchool of Medicine, Kabale Unviersity, Kabale, UgandaDepartment of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University, Tororo, UgandaLaboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi ArabiaInfection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomZhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, EgyptSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and sympatho-activation and in severe cases leads to sympathetic storm (SS). On the other hand, an exaggerated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 invasion may lead to uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokine development of cytokine storm (CS). In Covid-19, there are interactive interactions between CS and SS in the development of multi-organ failure (MOF). Interestingly, cutting the bridge between CS and SS by anti-inflammatory and anti-adrenergic agents may mitigate complications that are induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severely affected Covid-19 patients. The potential mechanisms of SS in Covid-19 are through different pathways such as hypoxia, which activate the central sympathetic center through carotid bodies chemosensory input and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cross the blood-brain barrier and activation of the sympathetic center. β2-receptors signaling pathway play a crucial role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and B-cells for the production of antibodies with inflammation exacerbation. β-blockers have anti-inflammatory effects through reduction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, β-blockers interrupt this interaction through inhibition of several mediators of CS and SS with prevention development of neural-cytokine loop in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence from this study triggers an idea for future prospective studies to confirm the potential role of β-blockers in the management of Covid-19.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749291/fullSARS-CoV-2cytokine stormsympathetic stormpharmacology and CovidBeta blockers |
| spellingShingle | Hayder M. Al-kuraishy Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab Keneth Iceland Kasozi Keneth Iceland Kasozi Gerald Zirintunda Akhmed Aslam Mamdouh Allahyani Susan Christina Welburn Susan Christina Welburn Gaber El-Saber Batiha Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19 Frontiers in Immunology SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm sympathetic storm pharmacology and Covid Beta blockers |
| title | Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19 |
| title_full | Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19 |
| title_fullStr | Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19 |
| title_short | Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19 |
| title_sort | effects of β blockers on the sympathetic and cytokines storms in covid 19 |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm sympathetic storm pharmacology and Covid Beta blockers |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749291/full |
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