Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core
The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) is a spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking mission that was developed to map the structure of the lunar interior by producing a detailed map of the gravity field. The resulting model of the interior will be used to address outstanding questions regard...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer Netherlands
2016
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103610 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-8017 |
| _version_ | 1826206541363019776 |
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| author | Lehman, David H. Hoffman, Tom L. Asmar, Sami W. Watkins, Michael M. Smith, David Edmund Zuber, Maria |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Lehman, David H. Hoffman, Tom L. Asmar, Sami W. Watkins, Michael M. Smith, David Edmund Zuber, Maria |
| author_sort | Lehman, David H. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) is a spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking mission that was developed to map the structure of the lunar interior by producing a detailed map of the gravity field. The resulting model of the interior will be used to address outstanding questions regarding the Moon’s thermal evolution, and will be applicable more generally to the evolution of all terrestrial planets. Each GRAIL orbiter contains a Lunar Gravity Ranging System instrument that conducts dual-one-way ranging measurements to measure precisely the relative motion between them, which in turn are used to develop the lunar gravity field map. Each orbiter also carries an Education/Public Outreach payload, Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle-School Students (MoonKAM), in which middle school students target images of the Moon for subsequent classroom analysis. Subsequent to a successful launch on September 10, 2011, the twin GRAIL orbiters embarked on independent trajectories on a 3.5-month-long cruise to the Moon via the EL-1 Lagrange point. The spacecraft were inserted into polar orbits on December 31, 2011 and January 1, 2012. After a succession of 19 maneuvers the two orbiters settled into precision formation to begin science operations in March 1, 2012 with an average altitude of 55 km. The Primary Mission, which consisted of three 27.3-day mapping cycles, was successfully completed in June 2012. The extended mission will permit a second three-month mapping phase at an average altitude of 23 km. This paper provides an overview of the mission: science objectives and measurements, spacecraft and instruments, mission development and design, and data flow and data products. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:34:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/103610 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:34:34Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Springer Netherlands |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1036102022-10-01T15:47:54Z Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core Lehman, David H. Hoffman, Tom L. Asmar, Sami W. Watkins, Michael M. Smith, David Edmund Zuber, Maria Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Zuber, Maria Smith, David Edmund The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) is a spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking mission that was developed to map the structure of the lunar interior by producing a detailed map of the gravity field. The resulting model of the interior will be used to address outstanding questions regarding the Moon’s thermal evolution, and will be applicable more generally to the evolution of all terrestrial planets. Each GRAIL orbiter contains a Lunar Gravity Ranging System instrument that conducts dual-one-way ranging measurements to measure precisely the relative motion between them, which in turn are used to develop the lunar gravity field map. Each orbiter also carries an Education/Public Outreach payload, Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle-School Students (MoonKAM), in which middle school students target images of the Moon for subsequent classroom analysis. Subsequent to a successful launch on September 10, 2011, the twin GRAIL orbiters embarked on independent trajectories on a 3.5-month-long cruise to the Moon via the EL-1 Lagrange point. The spacecraft were inserted into polar orbits on December 31, 2011 and January 1, 2012. After a succession of 19 maneuvers the two orbiters settled into precision formation to begin science operations in March 1, 2012 with an average altitude of 55 km. The Primary Mission, which consisted of three 27.3-day mapping cycles, was successfully completed in June 2012. The extended mission will permit a second three-month mapping phase at an average altitude of 23 km. This paper provides an overview of the mission: science objectives and measurements, spacecraft and instruments, mission development and design, and data flow and data products. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Discovery Program) 2016-07-14T19:35:32Z 2016-07-14T19:35:32Z 2013-01 2012-09 2016-05-23T12:06:58Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0038-6308 1572-9672 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103610 Zuber, Maria T., David E. Smith, David H. Lehman, Tom L. Hoffman, Sami W. Asmar, and Michael M. Watkins. “Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core.” Space Sci Rev 178, no. 1 (January 4, 2013): 3–24. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-8017 en http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9952-7 Space Science Reviews Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht application/pdf Springer Netherlands Springer Netherlands |
| spellingShingle | Lehman, David H. Hoffman, Tom L. Asmar, Sami W. Watkins, Michael M. Smith, David Edmund Zuber, Maria Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core |
| title | Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core |
| title_full | Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core |
| title_fullStr | Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core |
| title_short | Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core |
| title_sort | gravity recovery and interior laboratory grail mapping the lunar interior from crust to core |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103610 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-8017 |
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