Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a natural hyperbolic material1, in which the dielectric constants are the same in the basal plane (ε[superscript t] ≡ ε[superscript x] = ε[superscript y]) but have opposite signs (ε[superscript t] ε[superscript z ]< 0) in the normal plane (ε[superscript z]). Owin...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en_US |
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Nature Publishing Group
2017
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108338 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-6973 |
| _version_ | 1826206703617572864 |
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| author | Dai, S. Liu, M. K. Fei, Z. Goldflam, M. D. Wagner, M. Watanabe, K. Taniguchi, T. Thiemens, M. Keilmann, F. Janssen, G. C. A. M. Zhu, S-E. Jarillo-Herrero, P. Fogler, M. M. Basov, D. N. Ma, Qiong Andersen, Trond Ikdahl |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics Dai, S. Liu, M. K. Fei, Z. Goldflam, M. D. Wagner, M. Watanabe, K. Taniguchi, T. Thiemens, M. Keilmann, F. Janssen, G. C. A. M. Zhu, S-E. Jarillo-Herrero, P. Fogler, M. M. Basov, D. N. Ma, Qiong Andersen, Trond Ikdahl |
| author_sort | Dai, S. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a natural hyperbolic material1, in which the dielectric constants are the same in the basal plane (ε[superscript t] ≡ ε[superscript x] = ε[superscript y]) but have opposite signs (ε[superscript t] ε[superscript z ]< 0) in the normal plane (ε[superscript z]). Owing to this property, finite-thickness slabs of h-BN act as multimode waveguides for the propagation of hyperbolic phonon polaritons—collective modes that originate from the coupling between photons and electric dipoles in phonons. However, control of these hyperbolic phonon polaritons modes has remained challenging, mostly because their electrodynamic properties are dictated by the crystal lattice of h-BN. Here we show, by direct nano-infrared imaging, that these hyperbolic polaritons can be effectively modulated in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of monolayer graphene on h-BN. Tunability originates from the hybridization of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene with hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN so that the eigenmodes of the graphene/h-BN heterostructure are hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons. The hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons in graphene/h-BN suffer little from ohmic losses, making their propagation length 1.5–2.0 times greater than that of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. The hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons possess the combined virtues of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene and hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. Therefore, graphene/h-BN can be classified as an electromagnetic metamaterial as the resulting properties of these devices are not present in its constituent elements alone. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:36:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/108338 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:36:57Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Nature Publishing Group |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1083382022-09-28T15:05:16Z Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial Dai, S. Liu, M. K. Fei, Z. Goldflam, M. D. Wagner, M. Watanabe, K. Taniguchi, T. Thiemens, M. Keilmann, F. Janssen, G. C. A. M. Zhu, S-E. Jarillo-Herrero, P. Fogler, M. M. Basov, D. N. Ma, Qiong Andersen, Trond Ikdahl Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics Ma, Qiong Andersen, Trond Ikdahl Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a natural hyperbolic material1, in which the dielectric constants are the same in the basal plane (ε[superscript t] ≡ ε[superscript x] = ε[superscript y]) but have opposite signs (ε[superscript t] ε[superscript z ]< 0) in the normal plane (ε[superscript z]). Owing to this property, finite-thickness slabs of h-BN act as multimode waveguides for the propagation of hyperbolic phonon polaritons—collective modes that originate from the coupling between photons and electric dipoles in phonons. However, control of these hyperbolic phonon polaritons modes has remained challenging, mostly because their electrodynamic properties are dictated by the crystal lattice of h-BN. Here we show, by direct nano-infrared imaging, that these hyperbolic polaritons can be effectively modulated in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of monolayer graphene on h-BN. Tunability originates from the hybridization of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene with hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN so that the eigenmodes of the graphene/h-BN heterostructure are hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons. The hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons in graphene/h-BN suffer little from ohmic losses, making their propagation length 1.5–2.0 times greater than that of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. The hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons possess the combined virtues of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene and hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. Therefore, graphene/h-BN can be classified as an electromagnetic metamaterial as the resulting properties of these devices are not present in its constituent elements alone. 2017-04-21T15:11:51Z 2017-04-21T15:11:51Z 2015-06 2015-01 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 1748-3387 1748-3395 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108338 Dai, S.; Ma, Q.; Liu, M. K.; Andersen, T.; Fei, Z.; Goldflam, M. D.; Wagner, M. et al. “Graphene on Hexagonal Boron Nitride as a Tunable Hyperbolic Metamaterial.” Nature Nanotechnology 10, no. 8 (June 22, 2015): 682–686. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-6973 en_US http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.131 Nature Nanotechnology Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ application/pdf Nature Publishing Group arXiv |
| spellingShingle | Dai, S. Liu, M. K. Fei, Z. Goldflam, M. D. Wagner, M. Watanabe, K. Taniguchi, T. Thiemens, M. Keilmann, F. Janssen, G. C. A. M. Zhu, S-E. Jarillo-Herrero, P. Fogler, M. M. Basov, D. N. Ma, Qiong Andersen, Trond Ikdahl Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| title | Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| title_full | Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| title_fullStr | Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| title_short | Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| title_sort | graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108338 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-6973 |
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