Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses
Despite its early origins and adaptive functions, empathy is not inevitable; people routinely fail to empathize with others, especially members of different social or cultural groups. In five experiments, we systematically explore how social identity, functional relations between groups, competitive...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2017
|
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112314 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-1791 |
| _version_ | 1811085128103886848 |
|---|---|
| author | Cikara, M. Van Bavel, J.J. Bruneau, Emile Gabriel Saxe, Rebecca R |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Cikara, M. Van Bavel, J.J. Bruneau, Emile Gabriel Saxe, Rebecca R |
| author_sort | Cikara, M. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Despite its early origins and adaptive functions, empathy is not inevitable; people routinely fail to empathize with others, especially members of different social or cultural groups. In five experiments, we systematically explore how social identity, functional relations between groups, competitive threat, and perceived entitativity contribute to intergroup empathy bias: the tendency not only to empathize less with out-group relative to in-group members, but also to feel pleasure in response to their pain (and pain in response to their pleasure). When teams are set in direct competition, affective responses to competition-irrelevant events are characterized not only by less empathy toward out-group relative to in-group members, but also by increased counter-empathic responses: Schadenfreude and Glückschmerz (Experiment 1). Comparing responses to in-group and out-group targets against responses to unaffiliated targets in this competitive context suggests that intergroup empathy bias may be better characterized by out-group antipathy rather than extraordinary in-group empathy (Experiment 2). We also find that intergroup empathy bias is robust to changes in relative group standing-feedback indicating that the out-group has fallen behind (Experiment 3a) or is no longer a competitive threat (Experiment 3b) does not reduce the bias. However, reducing perceived in-group and out-group entitativity can significantly attenuate intergroup empathy bias (Experiment 4). This research establishes the boundary conditions of intergroup empathy bias and provides initial support for a more integrative framework of group-based empathy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:03:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/112314 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:03:20Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1123142022-10-01T12:50:08Z Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses Cikara, M. Van Bavel, J.J. Bruneau, Emile Gabriel Saxe, Rebecca R Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Bruneau, Emile Gabriel Saxe, Rebecca R Despite its early origins and adaptive functions, empathy is not inevitable; people routinely fail to empathize with others, especially members of different social or cultural groups. In five experiments, we systematically explore how social identity, functional relations between groups, competitive threat, and perceived entitativity contribute to intergroup empathy bias: the tendency not only to empathize less with out-group relative to in-group members, but also to feel pleasure in response to their pain (and pain in response to their pleasure). When teams are set in direct competition, affective responses to competition-irrelevant events are characterized not only by less empathy toward out-group relative to in-group members, but also by increased counter-empathic responses: Schadenfreude and Glückschmerz (Experiment 1). Comparing responses to in-group and out-group targets against responses to unaffiliated targets in this competitive context suggests that intergroup empathy bias may be better characterized by out-group antipathy rather than extraordinary in-group empathy (Experiment 2). We also find that intergroup empathy bias is robust to changes in relative group standing-feedback indicating that the out-group has fallen behind (Experiment 3a) or is no longer a competitive threat (Experiment 3b) does not reduce the bias. However, reducing perceived in-group and out-group entitativity can significantly attenuate intergroup empathy bias (Experiment 4). This research establishes the boundary conditions of intergroup empathy bias and provides initial support for a more integrative framework of group-based empathy. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (Grant 1F32HD068086-01A1) United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant N000140910845) 2017-11-28T20:22:20Z 2017-11-28T20:22:20Z 2014-06 2014-06 2017-11-20T12:53:26Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0022-1031 1096-0465 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112314 Cikara, M. et al. “Their Pain Gives Us Pleasure: How Intergroup Dynamics Shape Empathic Failures and Counter-Empathic Responses.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 55 (November 2014): 110–125 © 2014 Elsevier Inc https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-1791 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JESP.2014.06.007 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ application/pdf Elsevier PMC |
| spellingShingle | Cikara, M. Van Bavel, J.J. Bruneau, Emile Gabriel Saxe, Rebecca R Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses |
| title | Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses |
| title_full | Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses |
| title_fullStr | Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses |
| title_short | Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses |
| title_sort | their pain gives us pleasure how intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter empathic responses |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112314 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-1791 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cikaram theirpaingivesuspleasurehowintergroupdynamicsshapeempathicfailuresandcounterempathicresponses AT vanbaveljj theirpaingivesuspleasurehowintergroupdynamicsshapeempathicfailuresandcounterempathicresponses AT bruneauemilegabriel theirpaingivesuspleasurehowintergroupdynamicsshapeempathicfailuresandcounterempathicresponses AT saxerebeccar theirpaingivesuspleasurehowintergroupdynamicsshapeempathicfailuresandcounterempathicresponses |