Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes
Conspectus Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich peptide that contributes to innate immunity by protecting the host at mucosal sites. This peptide is produced in small intestinal Paneth cells, stored as an 81-residue precursor peptide named proHD6 in granules, and released into the...
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| Format: | Article |
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American Chemical Society (ACS)
2018
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115156 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-3638 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-8803 |
| _version_ | 1811076063948701696 |
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| author | Chairatana, Phoom Nolan, Elizabeth Marie |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry Chairatana, Phoom Nolan, Elizabeth Marie |
| author_sort | Chairatana, Phoom |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Conspectus Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich peptide that contributes to innate immunity by protecting the host at mucosal sites. This peptide is produced in small intestinal Paneth cells, stored as an 81-residue precursor peptide named proHD6 in granules, and released into the lumen. One unusual feature of HD6 is that it lacks the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity observed for other human α-defensins, including the Paneth cell peptide human α-defensin 5 (HD5). HD6 exhibits unprecedented self-assembly properties, which confer an unusual host-defense function. HD6 monomers self-assemble into higher-order oligomers termed “nanonets”, which entrap microbes and prevent invasive gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from entering host cells. One possible advantage of this host-defense mechanism is that HD6 helps to keep microbes in the lumen such that they can be excreted or attacked by other components of the immune system, such as recruited neutrophils. In this Account, we report our current understanding of HD6 and focus on work published since 2012 when Bevins and co-workers described the discovery of HD6 nanonets in the literature. First, we present studies that address the biosynthesis, storage, and maturation of HD6, which demonstrate that nature uses a propeptide strategy to spatially and temporally control the formation of HD6 nanonets in the small intestine. The propeptide is stored in Paneth cell granules, and proteolysis occurs during or following release into the lumen, which affords the 32-residue mature peptide that self-assembles. We subsequently highlight structure-function studies that provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis for why HD6 exhibits unusual self-assembly properties compared with other characterized defensins. The disposition of hydrophobic residues in the HD6 primary structure differs from that of other human α-defensins and is an important structural determinant for oligomerization. Lastly, we consider functional studies that illuminate how HD6 contributes to mucosal immunity. We recently discovered that in addition to blocking bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells by Gram-negative and Gram-positive gastrointestinal pathogens, HD6 suppresses virulence traits displayed by the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In particular, we found that C. albicans biofilm formation, which causes complications in the treatment of candidiasis, is inhibited by HD6. This observation suggests that HD6 may contribute to intestinal homeostasis by helping to keep C. albicans in its commensal state. We intend for this Account to inspire further biochemical, biophysical, and biological investigations that will advance our understanding of HD6 in mucosal immunity and the host-microbe interaction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:15:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/115156 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:15:31Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | American Chemical Society (ACS) |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1151562022-09-26T16:48:37Z Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes Chairatana, Phoom Nolan, Elizabeth Marie Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry Chairatana, Phoom Nolan, Elizabeth Marie Conspectus Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich peptide that contributes to innate immunity by protecting the host at mucosal sites. This peptide is produced in small intestinal Paneth cells, stored as an 81-residue precursor peptide named proHD6 in granules, and released into the lumen. One unusual feature of HD6 is that it lacks the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity observed for other human α-defensins, including the Paneth cell peptide human α-defensin 5 (HD5). HD6 exhibits unprecedented self-assembly properties, which confer an unusual host-defense function. HD6 monomers self-assemble into higher-order oligomers termed “nanonets”, which entrap microbes and prevent invasive gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from entering host cells. One possible advantage of this host-defense mechanism is that HD6 helps to keep microbes in the lumen such that they can be excreted or attacked by other components of the immune system, such as recruited neutrophils. In this Account, we report our current understanding of HD6 and focus on work published since 2012 when Bevins and co-workers described the discovery of HD6 nanonets in the literature. First, we present studies that address the biosynthesis, storage, and maturation of HD6, which demonstrate that nature uses a propeptide strategy to spatially and temporally control the formation of HD6 nanonets in the small intestine. The propeptide is stored in Paneth cell granules, and proteolysis occurs during or following release into the lumen, which affords the 32-residue mature peptide that self-assembles. We subsequently highlight structure-function studies that provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis for why HD6 exhibits unusual self-assembly properties compared with other characterized defensins. The disposition of hydrophobic residues in the HD6 primary structure differs from that of other human α-defensins and is an important structural determinant for oligomerization. Lastly, we consider functional studies that illuminate how HD6 contributes to mucosal immunity. We recently discovered that in addition to blocking bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells by Gram-negative and Gram-positive gastrointestinal pathogens, HD6 suppresses virulence traits displayed by the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In particular, we found that C. albicans biofilm formation, which causes complications in the treatment of candidiasis, is inhibited by HD6. This observation suggests that HD6 may contribute to intestinal homeostasis by helping to keep C. albicans in its commensal state. We intend for this Account to inspire further biochemical, biophysical, and biological investigations that will advance our understanding of HD6 in mucosal immunity and the host-microbe interaction. National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP2OD007045) 2018-05-02T14:22:43Z 2018-05-02T14:22:43Z 2017-04 2016-12 2018-04-25T18:06:29Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0001-4842 1520-4898 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115156 Chairatana, Phoom, and Elizabeth M. Nolan. “Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes.” Accounts of Chemical Research 50, 4 (March 2017): 960–967 © 2017 American Chemical Society https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-3638 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-8803 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ACCOUNTS.6B00653 Accounts of Chemical Research Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. application/pdf American Chemical Society (ACS) PMC |
| spellingShingle | Chairatana, Phoom Nolan, Elizabeth Marie Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes |
| title | Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes |
| title_full | Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes |
| title_fullStr | Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes |
| title_short | Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes |
| title_sort | human α defensin 6 a small peptide that self assembles and protects the host by entangling microbes |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115156 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-3638 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-8803 |
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