Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming
In recent decades, the land surface has warmed substantially more than the ocean surface, and relative humidity has fallen over land. Amplified warming and declining relative humidity over land are also dominant features of future climate projections, with implica- tions for climate-change impacts....
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| Format: | Article |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2018
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119666 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-0816 |
| _version_ | 1811073270134341632 |
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| author | Byrne, Michael Patrick O'Gorman, Paul |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Byrne, Michael Patrick O'Gorman, Paul |
| author_sort | Byrne, Michael Patrick |
| collection | MIT |
| description | In recent decades, the land surface has warmed substantially more than the ocean surface, and relative humidity has fallen over land. Amplified warming and declining relative humidity over land are also dominant features of future climate projections, with implica- tions for climate-change impacts. An emerging body of research has shown how constraints from atmospheric dynamics and moisture budgets are important for projected future land–ocean contrasts, but these ideas have not been used to investigate temperature and humidity records over recent decades. Here we show how both the temperature and humidity changes observed over land between 1979 and 2016 are linked to warming over neighboring oceans. A simple analytical theory, based on atmospheric dynamics and mois- ture transport, predicts equal changes in moist static energy over land and ocean and equal fractional changes in specific humidity over land and ocean. The theory is shown to be consistent with the observed trends in land temperature and humidity given the warm- ing over ocean. Amplified land warming is needed for the increase in moist static energy over drier land to match that over ocean, and land relative humidity decreases because land specific humidity is linked via moisture transport to the weaker warming over ocean. However, there is considerable variability about the best-fit trend in land relative humidity that requires further investigation and which may be related to factors such as changes in atmospheric circulations and land-surface properties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T09:30:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/119666 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T09:30:48Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1196662022-09-26T11:56:15Z Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming Byrne, Michael Patrick O'Gorman, Paul Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Byrne, Michael Patrick O'Gorman, Paul In recent decades, the land surface has warmed substantially more than the ocean surface, and relative humidity has fallen over land. Amplified warming and declining relative humidity over land are also dominant features of future climate projections, with implica- tions for climate-change impacts. An emerging body of research has shown how constraints from atmospheric dynamics and moisture budgets are important for projected future land–ocean contrasts, but these ideas have not been used to investigate temperature and humidity records over recent decades. Here we show how both the temperature and humidity changes observed over land between 1979 and 2016 are linked to warming over neighboring oceans. A simple analytical theory, based on atmospheric dynamics and mois- ture transport, predicts equal changes in moist static energy over land and ocean and equal fractional changes in specific humidity over land and ocean. The theory is shown to be consistent with the observed trends in land temperature and humidity given the warm- ing over ocean. Amplified land warming is needed for the increase in moist static energy over drier land to match that over ocean, and land relative humidity decreases because land specific humidity is linked via moisture transport to the weaker warming over ocean. However, there is considerable variability about the best-fit trend in land relative humidity that requires further investigation and which may be related to factors such as changes in atmospheric circulations and land-surface properties. National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant AGS-1552195) 2018-12-17T18:50:50Z 2018-12-17T18:50:50Z 2018-04 2017-12 2018-12-04T15:55:19Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0027-8424 1091-6490 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119666 Byrne, Michael P., and Paul A. O’Gorman. “Trends in Continental Temperature and Humidity Directly Linked to Ocean Warming.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (April 23, 2018): 4863–4868. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-0816 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1722312115 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. application/pdf Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS |
| spellingShingle | Byrne, Michael Patrick O'Gorman, Paul Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| title | Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| title_full | Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| title_fullStr | Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| title_short | Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| title_sort | trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119666 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-0816 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT byrnemichaelpatrick trendsincontinentaltemperatureandhumiditydirectlylinkedtooceanwarming AT ogormanpaul trendsincontinentaltemperatureandhumiditydirectlylinkedtooceanwarming |