Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides
The early metabolism arising in a Thioester world gave rise to amino acids and their simple peptides. The catalytic activity of these early simple peptides became instrumental in the transition from Thioester World to a Phosphate World. This transition involved the appearances of sugar phosphates, n...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124977 |
| _version_ | 1826203234160607232 |
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| author | Hartman, Hyman Smith, Temple F. |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Hartman, Hyman Smith, Temple F. |
| author_sort | Hartman, Hyman |
| collection | MIT |
| description | The early metabolism arising in a Thioester world gave rise to amino acids and their simple peptides. The catalytic activity of these early simple peptides became instrumental in the transition from Thioester World to a Phosphate World. This transition involved the appearances of sugar phosphates, nucleotides, and polynucleotides. The coupling of the amino acids and peptides to nucleotides and polynucleotides is the origin for the genetic code. Many of the key steps in this transition are seen in in the catalytic cores of the nucleotidyltransferases, the class II tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and the CCA adding enzyme. These catalytic cores are dominated by simple beta hairpin structures formed in the Thioester World. The code evolved from a proto-tRNA a tetramer XCCA interacting with a proto-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) activating Glycine and Proline, the initial expanded code is found in the acceptor arm of the tRNA, the operational code. It is the coevolution of the tRNA with the aaRSs that is at the heart of the origin and evolution of the genetic code. There is also a close relationship between the accretion models of the evolving tRNA and that of the ribosome. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T12:33:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/124977 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T12:33:26Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1249772022-10-01T09:46:03Z Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides Hartman, Hyman Smith, Temple F. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences The early metabolism arising in a Thioester world gave rise to amino acids and their simple peptides. The catalytic activity of these early simple peptides became instrumental in the transition from Thioester World to a Phosphate World. This transition involved the appearances of sugar phosphates, nucleotides, and polynucleotides. The coupling of the amino acids and peptides to nucleotides and polynucleotides is the origin for the genetic code. Many of the key steps in this transition are seen in in the catalytic cores of the nucleotidyltransferases, the class II tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and the CCA adding enzyme. These catalytic cores are dominated by simple beta hairpin structures formed in the Thioester World. The code evolved from a proto-tRNA a tetramer XCCA interacting with a proto-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) activating Glycine and Proline, the initial expanded code is found in the acceptor arm of the tRNA, the operational code. It is the coevolution of the tRNA with the aaRSs that is at the heart of the origin and evolution of the genetic code. There is also a close relationship between the accretion models of the evolving tRNA and that of the ribosome. 2020-05-01T17:36:56Z 2020-05-01T17:36:56Z 2019-08 2019-08 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 2075-1729 https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124977 Hartman, Hyman and Temple F. Smith. "Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides." Life 9, 3 (August 2019): 69 © 2019 The Author(s) http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9030069 Life Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ application/pdf MDPI AG MDPI |
| spellingShingle | Hartman, Hyman Smith, Temple F. Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides |
| title | Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides |
| title_full | Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides |
| title_fullStr | Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides |
| title_full_unstemmed | Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides |
| title_short | Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides |
| title_sort | origin of the genetic code is found at the transition between a thioester world of peptides and the phosphoester world of polynucleotides |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124977 |
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