TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs
Small planets on close-in orbits tend to exhibit envelope mass fractions of either effectively zero or up to a few percent depending on their size and orbital period. Models of thermally driven atmospheric mass loss and of terrestrial planet formation in a gas-poor environment make distinct predicti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
American Astronomical Society
2020
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/128134 |
| _version_ | 1826195982708113408 |
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| author | Cloutier, Ryan Rodriguez, Joseph E. Irwin, Jonathan Charbonneau, David Stassun, Keivan G. Mortier, Annelies Latham, David W. Isaacson, Howard Howard, Andrew W. Udry, Stéphane Wilson, Thomas G. Watson, Christopher A. Pinamonti, Matteo Lienhard, Florian Giacobbe, Paolo Guerra, Pere Collins, Karen A. Beiryla, Allyson Esquerdo, Gilbert A. Matthews, Elisabeth Matson, Rachel A. Howell, Steve B. Furlan, Elise Crossfield, Ian J. M. Winters, Jennifer G. Nava, Chantanelle Ment, Kristo Lopez, Eric D. Ricker, George Vanderspek, Roland Seager, Sara Jenkins, Jon M. Ting, Eric B. Tenenbaum, Peter Sozzetti, Alessandro Sha, Lizhou Ségransan, Damien Schlieder, Joshua E. Sasselov, Dimitar Roy, Arpita Robertson, Paul Rice, Ken Poretti, Ennio Piotto, Giampaolo Phillips, David Pepper, Joshua Pepe, Francesco Molinari, Emilio Mocnik, Teo Micela, Giuseppina Mayor, Michel Martinez Fiorenzano, Aldo F. Mallia, Franco Lubin, Jack Lovis, Christophe López-Morales, Mercedes Kosiarek, Molly R. Kielkopf, John F. Kane, Stephen R. Jensen, Eric L. N. Isopi, Giovanni Huber, Daniel Hill, Michelle L. Harutyunyan, Avet Gonzales, Erica Giacalone, Steven Ghedina, Adriano Ercolino, Andrea Dumusque, Xavier Dressing, Courtney D. Damasso, Mario Dalba, Paul A. Cosentino, Rosario Conti, Dennis M. Colón, Knicole D. Collins, Kevin I. Cameron, Andrew Collier Ciardi, David Christiansen, Jessie Chontos, Ashley Cecconi, Massimo Caldwell, Douglas A. Burke, Christopher Buchhave, Lars Beichman, Charles Behmard, Aida Beard, Corey Akana Murphy, Joseph M. |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics Cloutier, Ryan Rodriguez, Joseph E. Irwin, Jonathan Charbonneau, David Stassun, Keivan G. Mortier, Annelies Latham, David W. Isaacson, Howard Howard, Andrew W. Udry, Stéphane Wilson, Thomas G. Watson, Christopher A. Pinamonti, Matteo Lienhard, Florian Giacobbe, Paolo Guerra, Pere Collins, Karen A. Beiryla, Allyson Esquerdo, Gilbert A. Matthews, Elisabeth Matson, Rachel A. Howell, Steve B. Furlan, Elise Crossfield, Ian J. M. Winters, Jennifer G. Nava, Chantanelle Ment, Kristo Lopez, Eric D. Ricker, George Vanderspek, Roland Seager, Sara Jenkins, Jon M. Ting, Eric B. Tenenbaum, Peter Sozzetti, Alessandro Sha, Lizhou Ségransan, Damien Schlieder, Joshua E. Sasselov, Dimitar Roy, Arpita Robertson, Paul Rice, Ken Poretti, Ennio Piotto, Giampaolo Phillips, David Pepper, Joshua Pepe, Francesco Molinari, Emilio Mocnik, Teo Micela, Giuseppina Mayor, Michel Martinez Fiorenzano, Aldo F. Mallia, Franco Lubin, Jack Lovis, Christophe López-Morales, Mercedes Kosiarek, Molly R. Kielkopf, John F. Kane, Stephen R. Jensen, Eric L. N. Isopi, Giovanni Huber, Daniel Hill, Michelle L. Harutyunyan, Avet Gonzales, Erica Giacalone, Steven Ghedina, Adriano Ercolino, Andrea Dumusque, Xavier Dressing, Courtney D. Damasso, Mario Dalba, Paul A. Cosentino, Rosario Conti, Dennis M. Colón, Knicole D. Collins, Kevin I. Cameron, Andrew Collier Ciardi, David Christiansen, Jessie Chontos, Ashley Cecconi, Massimo Caldwell, Douglas A. Burke, Christopher Buchhave, Lars Beichman, Charles Behmard, Aida Beard, Corey Akana Murphy, Joseph M. |
| author_sort | Cloutier, Ryan |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Small planets on close-in orbits tend to exhibit envelope mass fractions of either effectively zero or up to a few percent depending on their size and orbital period. Models of thermally driven atmospheric mass loss and of terrestrial planet formation in a gas-poor environment make distinct predictions regarding the location of this rocky/nonrocky transition in period-radius space. Here we present the confirmation of TOI-1235 b (P = 3.44 days, rp1.738-0.076+0.087 R⊕), a planet whose size and period are intermediate between the competing model predictions, thus making the system an important test case for emergence models of the rocky/nonrocky transition around early M dwarfs (R s = 0.630± 0.015 ⊕, M s = 0.640 ± 0.016 ⊙. We confirm the TESS planet discovery using reconnaissance spectroscopy, ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and a set of 38 precise radial velocities (RVs) from HARPS-N and HIRES. We measure a planet mass of 6.91-0.85+0.75M⊕ which implies an iron core mass fraction of 20-12+15% in the absence of a gaseous envelope. The bulk composition of TOI-1235 b is therefore consistent with being Earth-like, and we constrain an H/He envelope mass fraction to be <0.5% at 90% confidence. Our results are consistent with model predictions from thermally driven atmospheric mass loss but not with gas-poor formation, suggesting that the former class of processes remains efficient at sculpting close-in planets around early M dwarfs. Our RV analysis also reveals a strong periodicity close to the first harmonic of the photometrically determined stellar rotation period that we treat as stellar activity, despite other lines of evidence favoring a planetary origin ( = P 21.8+0.9-0.8days,mp sin =13.0+ 3.8-5.3M⊕) that cannot be firmly ruled out by our data. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:18:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/128134 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:18:59Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | American Astronomical Society |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1281342022-09-26T17:11:57Z TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs Cloutier, Ryan Rodriguez, Joseph E. Irwin, Jonathan Charbonneau, David Stassun, Keivan G. Mortier, Annelies Latham, David W. Isaacson, Howard Howard, Andrew W. Udry, Stéphane Wilson, Thomas G. Watson, Christopher A. Pinamonti, Matteo Lienhard, Florian Giacobbe, Paolo Guerra, Pere Collins, Karen A. Beiryla, Allyson Esquerdo, Gilbert A. Matthews, Elisabeth Matson, Rachel A. Howell, Steve B. Furlan, Elise Crossfield, Ian J. M. Winters, Jennifer G. Nava, Chantanelle Ment, Kristo Lopez, Eric D. Ricker, George Vanderspek, Roland Seager, Sara Jenkins, Jon M. Ting, Eric B. Tenenbaum, Peter Sozzetti, Alessandro Sha, Lizhou Ségransan, Damien Schlieder, Joshua E. Sasselov, Dimitar Roy, Arpita Robertson, Paul Rice, Ken Poretti, Ennio Piotto, Giampaolo Phillips, David Pepper, Joshua Pepe, Francesco Molinari, Emilio Mocnik, Teo Micela, Giuseppina Mayor, Michel Martinez Fiorenzano, Aldo F. Mallia, Franco Lubin, Jack Lovis, Christophe López-Morales, Mercedes Kosiarek, Molly R. Kielkopf, John F. Kane, Stephen R. Jensen, Eric L. N. Isopi, Giovanni Huber, Daniel Hill, Michelle L. Harutyunyan, Avet Gonzales, Erica Giacalone, Steven Ghedina, Adriano Ercolino, Andrea Dumusque, Xavier Dressing, Courtney D. Damasso, Mario Dalba, Paul A. Cosentino, Rosario Conti, Dennis M. Colón, Knicole D. Collins, Kevin I. Cameron, Andrew Collier Ciardi, David Christiansen, Jessie Chontos, Ashley Cecconi, Massimo Caldwell, Douglas A. Burke, Christopher Buchhave, Lars Beichman, Charles Behmard, Aida Beard, Corey Akana Murphy, Joseph M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research Small planets on close-in orbits tend to exhibit envelope mass fractions of either effectively zero or up to a few percent depending on their size and orbital period. Models of thermally driven atmospheric mass loss and of terrestrial planet formation in a gas-poor environment make distinct predictions regarding the location of this rocky/nonrocky transition in period-radius space. Here we present the confirmation of TOI-1235 b (P = 3.44 days, rp1.738-0.076+0.087 R⊕), a planet whose size and period are intermediate between the competing model predictions, thus making the system an important test case for emergence models of the rocky/nonrocky transition around early M dwarfs (R s = 0.630± 0.015 ⊕, M s = 0.640 ± 0.016 ⊙. We confirm the TESS planet discovery using reconnaissance spectroscopy, ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and a set of 38 precise radial velocities (RVs) from HARPS-N and HIRES. We measure a planet mass of 6.91-0.85+0.75M⊕ which implies an iron core mass fraction of 20-12+15% in the absence of a gaseous envelope. The bulk composition of TOI-1235 b is therefore consistent with being Earth-like, and we constrain an H/He envelope mass fraction to be <0.5% at 90% confidence. Our results are consistent with model predictions from thermally driven atmospheric mass loss but not with gas-poor formation, suggesting that the former class of processes remains efficient at sculpting close-in planets around early M dwarfs. Our RV analysis also reveals a strong periodicity close to the first harmonic of the photometrically determined stellar rotation period that we treat as stellar activity, despite other lines of evidence favoring a planetary origin ( = P 21.8+0.9-0.8days,mp sin =13.0+ 3.8-5.3M⊕) that cannot be firmly ruled out by our data. 2020-10-20T15:36:49Z 2020-10-20T15:36:49Z 2020-06 2020-04 2020-10-19T18:44:29Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 1538-3881 https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/128134 Cloutier, Ryan et al. "TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs." Astronomical Journal 160, 1 (June 2020): dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9534 © 2020 American Astronomical Society en http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9534 Astronomical Journal Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. application/pdf American Astronomical Society The American Astronomical Society |
| spellingShingle | Cloutier, Ryan Rodriguez, Joseph E. Irwin, Jonathan Charbonneau, David Stassun, Keivan G. Mortier, Annelies Latham, David W. Isaacson, Howard Howard, Andrew W. Udry, Stéphane Wilson, Thomas G. Watson, Christopher A. Pinamonti, Matteo Lienhard, Florian Giacobbe, Paolo Guerra, Pere Collins, Karen A. Beiryla, Allyson Esquerdo, Gilbert A. Matthews, Elisabeth Matson, Rachel A. Howell, Steve B. Furlan, Elise Crossfield, Ian J. M. Winters, Jennifer G. Nava, Chantanelle Ment, Kristo Lopez, Eric D. Ricker, George Vanderspek, Roland Seager, Sara Jenkins, Jon M. Ting, Eric B. Tenenbaum, Peter Sozzetti, Alessandro Sha, Lizhou Ségransan, Damien Schlieder, Joshua E. Sasselov, Dimitar Roy, Arpita Robertson, Paul Rice, Ken Poretti, Ennio Piotto, Giampaolo Phillips, David Pepper, Joshua Pepe, Francesco Molinari, Emilio Mocnik, Teo Micela, Giuseppina Mayor, Michel Martinez Fiorenzano, Aldo F. Mallia, Franco Lubin, Jack Lovis, Christophe López-Morales, Mercedes Kosiarek, Molly R. Kielkopf, John F. Kane, Stephen R. Jensen, Eric L. N. Isopi, Giovanni Huber, Daniel Hill, Michelle L. Harutyunyan, Avet Gonzales, Erica Giacalone, Steven Ghedina, Adriano Ercolino, Andrea Dumusque, Xavier Dressing, Courtney D. Damasso, Mario Dalba, Paul A. Cosentino, Rosario Conti, Dennis M. Colón, Knicole D. Collins, Kevin I. Cameron, Andrew Collier Ciardi, David Christiansen, Jessie Chontos, Ashley Cecconi, Massimo Caldwell, Douglas A. Burke, Christopher Buchhave, Lars Beichman, Charles Behmard, Aida Beard, Corey Akana Murphy, Joseph M. TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs |
| title | TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs |
| title_full | TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs |
| title_fullStr | TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs |
| title_full_unstemmed | TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs |
| title_short | TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth for Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models around Early M Dwarfs |
| title_sort | toi 1235 b a keystone super earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early m dwarfs |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/128134 |
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