Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups
Background: Inequities in COVID-19 outcomes in the USA have been clearly documented for sex and race: men are dying at higher rates than women, and Black individuals are dying at higher rates than white individuals. Unexplored, however, is how sex and race interact in COVID-19 outcomes. Objective:...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
2021
|
| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130903 |
| _version_ | 1811074929876008960 |
|---|---|
| author | Rushovich, Tamara Boulicault, Marion Chen, Jarvis T. Danielsen, Ann Caroline Tarrant, Amelia Richardson, Sarah S. Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Linguistics and Philosophy |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Linguistics and Philosophy Rushovich, Tamara Boulicault, Marion Chen, Jarvis T. Danielsen, Ann Caroline Tarrant, Amelia Richardson, Sarah S. Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather |
| author_sort | Rushovich, Tamara |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Background: Inequities in COVID-19 outcomes in the USA have been clearly documented for sex and race: men are dying at higher rates than women, and Black individuals are dying at higher rates than white individuals. Unexplored, however, is how sex and race interact in COVID-19 outcomes.
Objective: Use available data to characterize COVID-19 mortality rates within and between race and sex strata in two US states, with the aim of understanding how apparent sex disparities in COVID-19 deaths vary across race.
Design and Participants: This observational study uses COVID-19 mortality data through September 21, 2020, from Georgia (GA) and Michigan (MI).
Main Measures: We calculate age-specific rates for each sex-race-age stratum, and age-standardized rates for each race-sex stratum. We investigate the sex disparity within race groups and the race disparity within sex groups using age-standardized rate ratios, and rate differences.
Key Results: Within race groups, men have a higher COVID-19 mortality rate than women. Black men have the highest rate of all race-sex groups (in MI: 254.6, deaths per 100,000, 95% CI: 241.1–268.2, in GA:128.5, 95% CI: 121.0-135.9). In MI, the COVID-19 mortality rate for Black women (147.1, 95% CI: 138.7–155.4) is higher than the rate for white men (39.1, 95% CI: 37.3–40.9), white women (29.7, 95% CI: 28.3–31.0), and Asian/Pacific Islander men and women. COVID-19 mortality rates in GA followed the same pattern. In MI, the male:female mortality rate ratio among Black individuals is 1.7 (1.5–2.0) while the rate ratio among White individuals is only 1.3 (1.2–1.5).
Conclusion: While overall, men have higher COVID-19 mortality rates than women, our findings show that this sex disparity does not hold across racial groups. This demonstrates the limitations of unidimensional reporting and analyses and highlights the ways that race and gender intersect to shape COVID-19 outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T09:57:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/130903 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T09:57:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1309032022-09-30T17:58:15Z Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups Rushovich, Tamara Boulicault, Marion Chen, Jarvis T. Danielsen, Ann Caroline Tarrant, Amelia Richardson, Sarah S. Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Linguistics and Philosophy Background: Inequities in COVID-19 outcomes in the USA have been clearly documented for sex and race: men are dying at higher rates than women, and Black individuals are dying at higher rates than white individuals. Unexplored, however, is how sex and race interact in COVID-19 outcomes. Objective: Use available data to characterize COVID-19 mortality rates within and between race and sex strata in two US states, with the aim of understanding how apparent sex disparities in COVID-19 deaths vary across race. Design and Participants: This observational study uses COVID-19 mortality data through September 21, 2020, from Georgia (GA) and Michigan (MI). Main Measures: We calculate age-specific rates for each sex-race-age stratum, and age-standardized rates for each race-sex stratum. We investigate the sex disparity within race groups and the race disparity within sex groups using age-standardized rate ratios, and rate differences. Key Results: Within race groups, men have a higher COVID-19 mortality rate than women. Black men have the highest rate of all race-sex groups (in MI: 254.6, deaths per 100,000, 95% CI: 241.1–268.2, in GA:128.5, 95% CI: 121.0-135.9). In MI, the COVID-19 mortality rate for Black women (147.1, 95% CI: 138.7–155.4) is higher than the rate for white men (39.1, 95% CI: 37.3–40.9), white women (29.7, 95% CI: 28.3–31.0), and Asian/Pacific Islander men and women. COVID-19 mortality rates in GA followed the same pattern. In MI, the male:female mortality rate ratio among Black individuals is 1.7 (1.5–2.0) while the rate ratio among White individuals is only 1.3 (1.2–1.5). Conclusion: While overall, men have higher COVID-19 mortality rates than women, our findings show that this sex disparity does not hold across racial groups. This demonstrates the limitations of unidimensional reporting and analyses and highlights the ways that race and gender intersect to shape COVID-19 outcomes. 2021-06-04T19:54:46Z 2021-06-04T19:54:46Z 2021-04 2020-10 2021-06-04T03:23:57Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0884-8734 1525-1497 https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130903 Rushovich, Tamara et al. "Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups." Journal of General Internal Medicine 36, 6 (April 2021): 1696–1701. © 2021 Society of General Internal Medicine en https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06699-4 Journal of General Internal Medicine Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. Society of General Internal Medicine application/pdf Springer Science and Business Media LLC Springer International Publishing |
| spellingShingle | Rushovich, Tamara Boulicault, Marion Chen, Jarvis T. Danielsen, Ann Caroline Tarrant, Amelia Richardson, Sarah S. Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups |
| title | Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups |
| title_full | Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups |
| title_fullStr | Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups |
| title_short | Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups |
| title_sort | sex disparities in covid 19 mortality vary across us racial groups |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130903 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rushovichtamara sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups AT boulicaultmarion sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups AT chenjarvist sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups AT danielsenanncaroline sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups AT tarrantamelia sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups AT richardsonsarahs sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups AT shattuckheidornheather sexdisparitiesincovid19mortalityvaryacrossusracialgroups |