Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media
Foodborne pathogens are a major concern for public health. We demonstrate for the first time a partially automated sensing system for rapid (~17 min), label-free impedimetric detection of <i>Escherichia coli</i> spp. in food samples (vegetable broth) and hydroponic media (aeroponic lettu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2021
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131307 |
| _version_ | 1811083758409875456 |
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| author | Giacobassi, Cassie A. Oliveira, Daniela A. Pola, Cicero C. Xiang, Dong Tang, Yifan Datta, Shoumen Palit Austin McLamore, Eric S. Gomes, Carmen L. |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Auto-ID Laboratory |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Auto-ID Laboratory Giacobassi, Cassie A. Oliveira, Daniela A. Pola, Cicero C. Xiang, Dong Tang, Yifan Datta, Shoumen Palit Austin McLamore, Eric S. Gomes, Carmen L. |
| author_sort | Giacobassi, Cassie A. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Foodborne pathogens are a major concern for public health. We demonstrate for the first time a partially automated sensing system for rapid (~17 min), label-free impedimetric detection of <i>Escherichia coli</i> spp. in food samples (vegetable broth) and hydroponic media (aeroponic lettuce system) based on temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) nanobrushes. This proof of concept (PoC) for the Sense-Analyze-Respond-Actuate (SARA) paradigm uses a biomimetic nanostructure that is analyzed and actuated with a smartphone. The bio-inspired soft material and sensing mechanism is inspired by binary symbiotic systems found in nature, where low concentrations of bacteria are captured from complex matrices by brush actuation driven by concentration gradients at the tissue surface. To mimic this natural actuation system, carbon-metal nanohybrid sensors were fabricated as the transducer layer, and coated with PNIPAAm nanobrushes. The most effective coating and actuation protocol for <i>E. coli</i> detection at various temperatures above/below the critical solution temperature of PNIPAAm was determined using a series of electrochemical experiments. After analyzing nanobrush actuation in stagnant media, we developed a flow through system using a series of pumps that are triggered by electrochemical events at the surface of the biosensor. SARA PoC may be viewed as a cyber-physical system that actuates nanomaterials using smartphone-based electroanalytical testing of samples. This study demonstrates thermal actuation of polymer nanobrushes to detect (sense) bacteria using a cyber-physical systems (CPS) approach. This PoC may catalyze the development of smart sensors capable of actuation at the nanoscale (stimulus-response polymer) and macroscale (non-microfluidic pumping). |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T12:38:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/131307 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T12:38:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1313072023-12-12T16:04:59Z Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media Giacobassi, Cassie A. Oliveira, Daniela A. Pola, Cicero C. Xiang, Dong Tang, Yifan Datta, Shoumen Palit Austin McLamore, Eric S. Gomes, Carmen L. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Auto-ID Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mechanical Engineering Foodborne pathogens are a major concern for public health. We demonstrate for the first time a partially automated sensing system for rapid (~17 min), label-free impedimetric detection of <i>Escherichia coli</i> spp. in food samples (vegetable broth) and hydroponic media (aeroponic lettuce system) based on temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) nanobrushes. This proof of concept (PoC) for the Sense-Analyze-Respond-Actuate (SARA) paradigm uses a biomimetic nanostructure that is analyzed and actuated with a smartphone. The bio-inspired soft material and sensing mechanism is inspired by binary symbiotic systems found in nature, where low concentrations of bacteria are captured from complex matrices by brush actuation driven by concentration gradients at the tissue surface. To mimic this natural actuation system, carbon-metal nanohybrid sensors were fabricated as the transducer layer, and coated with PNIPAAm nanobrushes. The most effective coating and actuation protocol for <i>E. coli</i> detection at various temperatures above/below the critical solution temperature of PNIPAAm was determined using a series of electrochemical experiments. After analyzing nanobrush actuation in stagnant media, we developed a flow through system using a series of pumps that are triggered by electrochemical events at the surface of the biosensor. SARA PoC may be viewed as a cyber-physical system that actuates nanomaterials using smartphone-based electroanalytical testing of samples. This study demonstrates thermal actuation of polymer nanobrushes to detect (sense) bacteria using a cyber-physical systems (CPS) approach. This PoC may catalyze the development of smart sensors capable of actuation at the nanoscale (stimulus-response polymer) and macroscale (non-microfluidic pumping). 2021-09-20T14:16:07Z 2021-09-20T14:16:07Z 2020-12-23 2021-01-08T14:44:27Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131307 Actuators 10 (1): 2 (2021) PUBLISHER_CC http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10010002 Creative Commons Attribution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ application/pdf Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| spellingShingle | Giacobassi, Cassie A. Oliveira, Daniela A. Pola, Cicero C. Xiang, Dong Tang, Yifan Datta, Shoumen Palit Austin McLamore, Eric S. Gomes, Carmen L. Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media |
| title | Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media |
| title_full | Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media |
| title_fullStr | Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media |
| title_short | Sense–Analyze–Respond–Actuate (SARA) Paradigm: Proof of Concept System Spanning Nanoscale and Macroscale Actuation for Detection of Escherichia coli in Aqueous Media |
| title_sort | sense analyze respond actuate sara paradigm proof of concept system spanning nanoscale and macroscale actuation for detection of escherichia coli in aqueous media |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131307 |
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