Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons
© 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2021
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/133851 |
| _version_ | 1826196269040664576 |
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| author | Vollmer, Martin K Mühle, Jens Henne, Stephan Young, Dickon Rigby, Matthew Mitrevski, Blagoj Park, Sunyoung Lunder, Chris R Rhee, Tae Siek Harth, Christina M Hill, Matthias Langenfelds, Ray L Guillevic, Myriam Schlauri, Paul M Hermansen, Ove Arduini, Jgor Wang, Ray HJ Salameh, Peter K Maione, Michela Krummel, Paul B Reimann, Stefan O’Doherty, Simon Simmonds, Peter G Fraser, Paul J Prinn, Ronald G Weiss, Ray F Steele, L Paul |
| author_facet | Vollmer, Martin K Mühle, Jens Henne, Stephan Young, Dickon Rigby, Matthew Mitrevski, Blagoj Park, Sunyoung Lunder, Chris R Rhee, Tae Siek Harth, Christina M Hill, Matthias Langenfelds, Ray L Guillevic, Myriam Schlauri, Paul M Hermansen, Ove Arduini, Jgor Wang, Ray HJ Salameh, Peter K Maione, Michela Krummel, Paul B Reimann, Stefan O’Doherty, Simon Simmonds, Peter G Fraser, Paul J Prinn, Ronald G Weiss, Ray F Steele, L Paul |
| author_sort | Vollmer, Martin K |
| collection | MIT |
| description | © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b (CH2ClCClF2), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a (CH2ClCF3) and HCFC-31 (CH2ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg·y−1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016–2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg·y−1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg·y−1. Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:24:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/133851 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:24:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1338512021-10-28T04:30:42Z Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons Vollmer, Martin K Mühle, Jens Henne, Stephan Young, Dickon Rigby, Matthew Mitrevski, Blagoj Park, Sunyoung Lunder, Chris R Rhee, Tae Siek Harth, Christina M Hill, Matthias Langenfelds, Ray L Guillevic, Myriam Schlauri, Paul M Hermansen, Ove Arduini, Jgor Wang, Ray HJ Salameh, Peter K Maione, Michela Krummel, Paul B Reimann, Stefan O’Doherty, Simon Simmonds, Peter G Fraser, Paul J Prinn, Ronald G Weiss, Ray F Steele, L Paul © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b (CH2ClCClF2), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a (CH2ClCF3) and HCFC-31 (CH2ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg·y−1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016–2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg·y−1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg·y−1. Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy. 2021-10-27T19:56:59Z 2021-10-27T19:56:59Z 2021 2021-09-21T15:42:57Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/133851 en 10.1073/PNAS.2010914118 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. application/pdf Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS |
| spellingShingle | Vollmer, Martin K Mühle, Jens Henne, Stephan Young, Dickon Rigby, Matthew Mitrevski, Blagoj Park, Sunyoung Lunder, Chris R Rhee, Tae Siek Harth, Christina M Hill, Matthias Langenfelds, Ray L Guillevic, Myriam Schlauri, Paul M Hermansen, Ove Arduini, Jgor Wang, Ray HJ Salameh, Peter K Maione, Michela Krummel, Paul B Reimann, Stefan O’Doherty, Simon Simmonds, Peter G Fraser, Paul J Prinn, Ronald G Weiss, Ray F Steele, L Paul Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| title | Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| title_full | Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| title_fullStr | Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| title_short | Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| title_sort | unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/133851 |
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