A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement
© 1966-2012 IEEE. Chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) perform frequency stabilization by referencing to the rotational spectra of polar gaseous molecules. With, potentially, the 'atomic' clock grade stability, cm3-level volume, and < 100-mW dc power, CSMCs are highly attractive for the...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
2022
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143592 |
| _version_ | 1826200705723006976 |
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| author | Wang, Cheng Yi, Xiang Kim, Mina Yang, Qingyu Ben Han, Ruonan |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Wang, Cheng Yi, Xiang Kim, Mina Yang, Qingyu Ben Han, Ruonan |
| author_sort | Wang, Cheng |
| collection | MIT |
| description | © 1966-2012 IEEE. Chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) perform frequency stabilization by referencing to the rotational spectra of polar gaseous molecules. With, potentially, the 'atomic' clock grade stability, cm3-level volume, and < 100-mW dc power, CSMCs are highly attractive for the synchronization of the high-speed radio access network (RAN), precise positioning, and distributed array sensing. However, the medium-/long-term stability of CSMCs is hindered by the transmission baseline tilting due to the uneven frequency response of the spectroscopic system and the molecular cell. To enhance the medium-/long-term stability, this article presents a CSMC architecture locking to the high-odd-order dispersion curve of the 231.061-GHz rotational spectral line of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) molecules, which is selected as the clock reference. A monolithic THz transceiver generates a high-precision, wavelength-modulated probing signal. Then, the wave-molecule interaction inside the molecular cell translates the frequency error between the probing signal and the spectral line center to the periodic intensity fluctuation. Finally, the CSMC locks to the third-order dispersion curve after a phase-sensitive lock-in detection. In addition, a pair of slot array couplers is employed as an effective chip-to-molecular cell interface. It leads to not only a higher SNR but also a significantly simplified CSMC package. Implemented on a 65-nm CMOS process, the high-order CSMC presents a measured Allan deviation of 4.3× 10-11 under an averaging time of τ=103 s while consuming 70.4-mW dc power. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T11:40:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/143592 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T11:40:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1435922023-04-18T18:41:11Z A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement Wang, Cheng Yi, Xiang Kim, Mina Yang, Qingyu Ben Han, Ruonan Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science © 1966-2012 IEEE. Chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) perform frequency stabilization by referencing to the rotational spectra of polar gaseous molecules. With, potentially, the 'atomic' clock grade stability, cm3-level volume, and < 100-mW dc power, CSMCs are highly attractive for the synchronization of the high-speed radio access network (RAN), precise positioning, and distributed array sensing. However, the medium-/long-term stability of CSMCs is hindered by the transmission baseline tilting due to the uneven frequency response of the spectroscopic system and the molecular cell. To enhance the medium-/long-term stability, this article presents a CSMC architecture locking to the high-odd-order dispersion curve of the 231.061-GHz rotational spectral line of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) molecules, which is selected as the clock reference. A monolithic THz transceiver generates a high-precision, wavelength-modulated probing signal. Then, the wave-molecule interaction inside the molecular cell translates the frequency error between the probing signal and the spectral line center to the periodic intensity fluctuation. Finally, the CSMC locks to the third-order dispersion curve after a phase-sensitive lock-in detection. In addition, a pair of slot array couplers is employed as an effective chip-to-molecular cell interface. It leads to not only a higher SNR but also a significantly simplified CSMC package. Implemented on a 65-nm CMOS process, the high-order CSMC presents a measured Allan deviation of 4.3× 10-11 under an averaging time of τ=103 s while consuming 70.4-mW dc power. 2022-06-29T16:37:43Z 2022-06-29T16:37:43Z 2021 2022-06-29T16:31:37Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143592 Wang, Cheng, Yi, Xiang, Kim, Mina, Yang, Qingyu Ben and Han, Ruonan. 2021. "A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 56 (2). en 10.1109/JSSC.2020.3021335 IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ application/pdf Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) MIT web domain |
| spellingShingle | Wang, Cheng Yi, Xiang Kim, Mina Yang, Qingyu Ben Han, Ruonan A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement |
| title | A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement |
| title_full | A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement |
| title_fullStr | A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement |
| title_short | A Terahertz Molecular Clock on CMOS Using High-Harmonic-Order Interrogation of Rotational Transition for Medium-/Long-Term Stability Enhancement |
| title_sort | terahertz molecular clock on cmos using high harmonic order interrogation of rotational transition for medium long term stability enhancement |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143592 |
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