Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies
Biomaterials are used in a variety of therapeutics including vaccines, engineered tissues, and cell therapies. Biomaterials enable a range of functionalities such as localized delivery, sustained release, and responsiveness. In the context of cell therapies, biomaterials can protect encapsulated cel...
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| Format: | Thesis |
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2023
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147912 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-4158 |
| _version_ | 1811069560618483712 |
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| author | Facklam, Amanda L. |
| author2 | Anderson, Daniel Griffith |
| author_facet | Anderson, Daniel Griffith Facklam, Amanda L. |
| author_sort | Facklam, Amanda L. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Biomaterials are used in a variety of therapeutics including vaccines, engineered tissues, and cell therapies. Biomaterials enable a range of functionalities such as localized delivery, sustained release, and responsiveness. In the context of cell therapies, biomaterials can protect encapsulated cells from immune attack while allowing for nutrient and oxygen exchange. While this approach holds greats potential, the immune response to biomaterials remains a major challenge to the field. Upon implantation of a material, the immune system will initiate the foreign body response, a cascade of inflammatory activity resulting in material fibrosis. For encapsulated cell therapies, biomaterial fibrosis can result in diminished cell functionality or even cell death. To address this challenge, it is critical to design biomaterials which can modulate the host immune response to mitigate fibrosis. In this thesis, we characterize the effect of biomaterial properties on immune responses after implantation. First, we describe how physical properties of alginate capsules can affect the success of encapsulated cell therapy. We find that capsules with lower permeability to IgG and higher strength enable longer encapsulated islet cures in diabetic mice. Furthermore, we show that differences in islet cure lengths were largely dependent on differential capsule immune responses. Next, we describe the effects of E9, an anti-fibrotic biomaterial coating, on macrophage behavior. We find that E9 downregulates CD86 surface expression when immobilized on a biomaterial surface. In addition, E9 downregulates the secretion of several cytokines including MCP-1 and VEGF and upregulates the secretion of IL-1β from macrophages. Next, we describe our work identifying the functional protein targets of E9 to gain further insight into its mechanism of action. We find that Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and Thioredoxin bind E9 and may have roles in its anti-fibrotic activity. Through this work, we identify macrophage proteins and signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of action of E9, leading to an improved understanding of the foreign body response. Overall, by characterizing the effect of material properties on immune responses, we enable rational design of next-generation immunomodulatory biomaterials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T08:12:17Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | mit-1721.1/147912 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T08:12:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/1479122023-02-07T03:53:28Z Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies Facklam, Amanda L. Anderson, Daniel Griffith Langer, Robert Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering Biomaterials are used in a variety of therapeutics including vaccines, engineered tissues, and cell therapies. Biomaterials enable a range of functionalities such as localized delivery, sustained release, and responsiveness. In the context of cell therapies, biomaterials can protect encapsulated cells from immune attack while allowing for nutrient and oxygen exchange. While this approach holds greats potential, the immune response to biomaterials remains a major challenge to the field. Upon implantation of a material, the immune system will initiate the foreign body response, a cascade of inflammatory activity resulting in material fibrosis. For encapsulated cell therapies, biomaterial fibrosis can result in diminished cell functionality or even cell death. To address this challenge, it is critical to design biomaterials which can modulate the host immune response to mitigate fibrosis. In this thesis, we characterize the effect of biomaterial properties on immune responses after implantation. First, we describe how physical properties of alginate capsules can affect the success of encapsulated cell therapy. We find that capsules with lower permeability to IgG and higher strength enable longer encapsulated islet cures in diabetic mice. Furthermore, we show that differences in islet cure lengths were largely dependent on differential capsule immune responses. Next, we describe the effects of E9, an anti-fibrotic biomaterial coating, on macrophage behavior. We find that E9 downregulates CD86 surface expression when immobilized on a biomaterial surface. In addition, E9 downregulates the secretion of several cytokines including MCP-1 and VEGF and upregulates the secretion of IL-1β from macrophages. Next, we describe our work identifying the functional protein targets of E9 to gain further insight into its mechanism of action. We find that Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and Thioredoxin bind E9 and may have roles in its anti-fibrotic activity. Through this work, we identify macrophage proteins and signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of action of E9, leading to an improved understanding of the foreign body response. Overall, by characterizing the effect of material properties on immune responses, we enable rational design of next-generation immunomodulatory biomaterials. Ph.D. 2023-02-06T18:32:08Z 2023-02-06T18:32:08Z 2022-09 2023-02-02T21:23:53.556Z Thesis https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147912 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-4158 In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted Copyright MIT http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/ application/pdf Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| spellingShingle | Facklam, Amanda L. Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies |
| title | Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies |
| title_full | Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies |
| title_fullStr | Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies |
| title_short | Uncovering Biological Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Encapsulated Cell Therapies |
| title_sort | uncovering biological mechanisms of immunomodulatory biomaterials for encapsulated cell therapies |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147912 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-4158 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT facklamamandal uncoveringbiologicalmechanismsofimmunomodulatorybiomaterialsforencapsulatedcelltherapies |