Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant
A mixed mode cooling system is one which operates in either the open, closed, or helper (once-through but with the use of the cooling towers) modes. Such systems may be particularly economical where the need for supplementary cooling to meet environmental constraints on induced water temperatu...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Technical Report |
| Language: | en_US |
| Published: |
MIT Energy Laboratory
2006
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35204 |
| _version_ | 1826200800426196992 |
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| author | Stolzenbach, Keith D. Freudberg, Stuart Ostrowski, Peter Rhodes, John |
| author_facet | Stolzenbach, Keith D. Freudberg, Stuart Ostrowski, Peter Rhodes, John |
| author_sort | Stolzenbach, Keith D. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | A mixed mode cooling system is one which operates in either the open,
closed, or helper (once-through but with the use of the cooling towers) modes.
Such systems may be particularly economical where the need for supplementary
cooling to meet environmental constraints on induced water temperature
changes is seasonal or dependent upon other transient factors such as stream-
flow. The issues involved in the use of mixed mode systems include the
design of the open cycle and closed cycle portions of the cooling system,
the specification of the environmental standard to be met, and the monitoring
system and associated decision rules used to determine when mode changes
are necessary. These issues have been examined in the context of a
case study of TVA's Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant which utilizes the large
quantity of site specific data reflecting conditions both with and without
plant operation. The most important findings of this study are: (1) The
natural temperature differences in the Tennessee River are of the same order
of magnitude (50F) as the maximum allowed induced temperature increase.
(2) Predictive estimates based on local hydrological and meteorological
data are capable of accounting for 40% of the observed natural variability.
(3) Available algorithms for plant induced temperature increases provide
estimates within 1F of observed values except during periods of strong
stratification. (4) A mixed mode system experiences only 10% of the
capacity losses experienced by a totally closed system, (5) The capacity
loss is relatively more sensitive to the environmental standard than to
changes in cooling system design. (6) About one third of the capacity
loss incurred using the mixed mode system is the result of natural
temperature variations. This unnecessary loss may be halved by the use
of predictive estimates for natural temperature differences. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T11:41:59Z |
| format | Technical Report |
| id | mit-1721.1/35204 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T11:41:59Z |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publisher | MIT Energy Laboratory |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/352042019-04-11T03:48:48Z Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Stolzenbach, Keith D. Freudberg, Stuart Ostrowski, Peter Rhodes, John Cooling towers. Thermal pollution of rivers, lakes, etc. Nuclear power plants |x Cooling. A mixed mode cooling system is one which operates in either the open, closed, or helper (once-through but with the use of the cooling towers) modes. Such systems may be particularly economical where the need for supplementary cooling to meet environmental constraints on induced water temperature changes is seasonal or dependent upon other transient factors such as stream- flow. The issues involved in the use of mixed mode systems include the design of the open cycle and closed cycle portions of the cooling system, the specification of the environmental standard to be met, and the monitoring system and associated decision rules used to determine when mode changes are necessary. These issues have been examined in the context of a case study of TVA's Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant which utilizes the large quantity of site specific data reflecting conditions both with and without plant operation. The most important findings of this study are: (1) The natural temperature differences in the Tennessee River are of the same order of magnitude (50F) as the maximum allowed induced temperature increase. (2) Predictive estimates based on local hydrological and meteorological data are capable of accounting for 40% of the observed natural variability. (3) Available algorithms for plant induced temperature increases provide estimates within 1F of observed values except during periods of strong stratification. (4) A mixed mode system experiences only 10% of the capacity losses experienced by a totally closed system, (5) The capacity loss is relatively more sensitive to the environmental standard than to changes in cooling system design. (6) About one third of the capacity loss incurred using the mixed mode system is the result of natural temperature variations. This unnecessary loss may be halved by the use of predictive estimates for natural temperature differences. 2006-12-19T16:29:20Z 2006-12-19T16:29:20Z 1979-01 Technical Report 09510127 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35204 en_US MIT-EL 79-036 4428523 bytes application/pdf application/pdf MIT Energy Laboratory |
| spellingShingle | Cooling towers. Thermal pollution of rivers, lakes, etc. Nuclear power plants |x Cooling. Stolzenbach, Keith D. Freudberg, Stuart Ostrowski, Peter Rhodes, John Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |
| title | Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |
| title_full | Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |
| title_fullStr | Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |
| title_short | Operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant |
| title_sort | operational issues involving use of supplementary cooling towers to meet stream temperature standards with application to the browns ferry nuclear plant |
| topic | Cooling towers. Thermal pollution of rivers, lakes, etc. Nuclear power plants |x Cooling. |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35204 |
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