History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008
We present atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)[SF subscript 6] mole fractions and emissions estimates from the 1970s to 2008. Measurements were made of archived air samples starting from 1973 in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1978 in the Southern Hemisphere, using the Advanced Global Atmospheric...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en_US |
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European Geosciences Union / Copernicus
2011
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65647 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801 |
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| author | Rigby, Matthew Muhle, Jens Miller, Benjamin R. Prinn, Ronald G. Krummel, P. B. Steele, L. P. Fraser, P. J. Salameh, P. K. Harth, C. M. Weiss, R. F. Greally, B. R. O'Doherty, Simon Simmonds, P. G. Vollmer, M. K. Reimann, S. Kim, J. Kim, K.-R. Wang, H. J. Olivier, Jos G. J. Dlugokencky, E. Dutton, G. S. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science Rigby, Matthew Muhle, Jens Miller, Benjamin R. Prinn, Ronald G. Krummel, P. B. Steele, L. P. Fraser, P. J. Salameh, P. K. Harth, C. M. Weiss, R. F. Greally, B. R. O'Doherty, Simon Simmonds, P. G. Vollmer, M. K. Reimann, S. Kim, J. Kim, K.-R. Wang, H. J. Olivier, Jos G. J. Dlugokencky, E. Dutton, G. S. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. |
| author_sort | Rigby, Matthew |
| collection | MIT |
| description | We present atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)[SF subscript 6] mole fractions and emissions estimates from the 1970s to 2008. Measurements were made of archived air samples starting from 1973 in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1978 in the Southern Hemisphere, using the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) systems. These measurements were combined with modern high-frequency GC-MS and GC-electron capture detection (ECD) data from AGAGE monitoring sites, to produce a unique 35-year atmospheric record of this potent greenhouse gas. Atmospheric mole fractions were found to have increased by more than an order of magnitude between 1973 and 2008. The 2008 growth rate was the highest recorded, at 0.29 ± 0.02 pmolmol−1 [pmolmol superscript -1] yr−1 [yr superscript -1]. A three-dimensional chemical transport model and a minimum variance Bayesian inverse method was used to estimate annual emission rates using the measurements, with a priori estimates from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR, version 4). Consistent with the mole fraction growth rate maximum, global emissions during 2008 were also the highest in the 1973–2008 period, reaching 7.4 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1 [yr superscript -1] (1-σ [1 - delta] uncertainties) and surpassing the previous maximum in 1995. The 2008 values follow an increase in emissions of 48 ± 20% since 2001. A second global inversion which also incorporated National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) flask measurements and in situ monitoring site data agreed well with the emissions derived using AGAGE measurements alone. By estimating continent-scale emissions using all available AGAGE and NOAA surface measurements covering the period 2004–2008, with no pollution filtering, we find that it is likely that much of the global emissions rise during this five-year period originated primarily from Asian developing countries that do not report detailed, annual emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We also find it likely that SF6 [SF subscript 6] emissions reported to the UNFCCC were underestimated between at least 2004 and 2005. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T15:01:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/65647 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T15:01:00Z |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publisher | European Geosciences Union / Copernicus |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/656472022-10-01T23:58:38Z History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 Rigby, Matthew Muhle, Jens Miller, Benjamin R. Prinn, Ronald G. Krummel, P. B. Steele, L. P. Fraser, P. J. Salameh, P. K. Harth, C. M. Weiss, R. F. Greally, B. R. O'Doherty, Simon Simmonds, P. G. Vollmer, M. K. Reimann, S. Kim, J. Kim, K.-R. Wang, H. J. Olivier, Jos G. J. Dlugokencky, E. Dutton, G. S. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science Prinn, Ronald G. Rigby, Matthew Prinn, Ronald G. We present atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)[SF subscript 6] mole fractions and emissions estimates from the 1970s to 2008. Measurements were made of archived air samples starting from 1973 in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1978 in the Southern Hemisphere, using the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) systems. These measurements were combined with modern high-frequency GC-MS and GC-electron capture detection (ECD) data from AGAGE monitoring sites, to produce a unique 35-year atmospheric record of this potent greenhouse gas. Atmospheric mole fractions were found to have increased by more than an order of magnitude between 1973 and 2008. The 2008 growth rate was the highest recorded, at 0.29 ± 0.02 pmolmol−1 [pmolmol superscript -1] yr−1 [yr superscript -1]. A three-dimensional chemical transport model and a minimum variance Bayesian inverse method was used to estimate annual emission rates using the measurements, with a priori estimates from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR, version 4). Consistent with the mole fraction growth rate maximum, global emissions during 2008 were also the highest in the 1973–2008 period, reaching 7.4 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1 [yr superscript -1] (1-σ [1 - delta] uncertainties) and surpassing the previous maximum in 1995. The 2008 values follow an increase in emissions of 48 ± 20% since 2001. A second global inversion which also incorporated National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) flask measurements and in situ monitoring site data agreed well with the emissions derived using AGAGE measurements alone. By estimating continent-scale emissions using all available AGAGE and NOAA surface measurements covering the period 2004–2008, with no pollution filtering, we find that it is likely that much of the global emissions rise during this five-year period originated primarily from Asian developing countries that do not report detailed, annual emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We also find it likely that SF6 [SF subscript 6] emissions reported to the UNFCCC were underestimated between at least 2004 and 2005. NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program (Grant NNX07AE89G) NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program (Grant NNX07AF09G) NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program (Grant NNX07AE87G) Great Britain. Dept. for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) Australia. Bureau of Meteorology Korea. Meteorological Administration. Research and Development Program (Grant CATER 2009-4109) 2011-09-12T17:08:07Z 2011-09-12T17:08:07Z 2010-11 2010-09 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 1680-7324 1680-7316 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65647 Rigby, M. et al. “History of Atmospheric SF6 from 1973 to 2008.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10.21 (2010) : 10305-10320. © Author(s) 2010 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801 en_US http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10305-2010 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 application/pdf European Geosciences Union / Copernicus Copernicus |
| spellingShingle | Rigby, Matthew Muhle, Jens Miller, Benjamin R. Prinn, Ronald G. Krummel, P. B. Steele, L. P. Fraser, P. J. Salameh, P. K. Harth, C. M. Weiss, R. F. Greally, B. R. O'Doherty, Simon Simmonds, P. G. Vollmer, M. K. Reimann, S. Kim, J. Kim, K.-R. Wang, H. J. Olivier, Jos G. J. Dlugokencky, E. Dutton, G. S. Hall, B. D. Elkins, J. W. History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 |
| title | History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 |
| title_full | History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 |
| title_fullStr | History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 |
| title_full_unstemmed | History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 |
| title_short | History of atmospheric SF6 [SF subscript 6] from 1973 to 2008 |
| title_sort | history of atmospheric sf6 sf subscript 6 from 1973 to 2008 |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65647 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801 |
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