Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa
We report on ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates of the four anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc (CH[subscript 3]CF[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane), HFC-245fa (CHF[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3-p...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en_US |
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American Geophysical Union (AGU)
2012
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74025 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801 |
| _version_ | 1826201347269066752 |
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| author | Rigby, Matthew Vollmer, Martin K. Miller, Benjamin R. Reimann, Stefan Muhle, Jens Krummel, P. B. O'Doherty, Simon Kim, Jooil Rhee, Tae Siek Weiss, Ray F. Fraser, P. J. Simmonds, Peter G. Salameh, Peter K. Harth, C. M. Wang, Ray H. J. Steele, L. Paul Young, Dickon Lunder, Chris R. Hermansen, Ove Arnold, Tim Schmidbauer, Norbert Kim, Kyung-Ryul Greally, B. R. Hill, Matthias Leist, Michael Wenger, Angelina Ivy, Diane J Prinn, Ronald G |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science Rigby, Matthew Vollmer, Martin K. Miller, Benjamin R. Reimann, Stefan Muhle, Jens Krummel, P. B. O'Doherty, Simon Kim, Jooil Rhee, Tae Siek Weiss, Ray F. Fraser, P. J. Simmonds, Peter G. Salameh, Peter K. Harth, C. M. Wang, Ray H. J. Steele, L. Paul Young, Dickon Lunder, Chris R. Hermansen, Ove Arnold, Tim Schmidbauer, Norbert Kim, Kyung-Ryul Greally, B. R. Hill, Matthias Leist, Michael Wenger, Angelina Ivy, Diane J Prinn, Ronald G |
| author_sort | Rigby, Matthew |
| collection | MIT |
| description | We report on ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates of the four anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc (CH[subscript 3]CF[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane), HFC-245fa (CHF[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-227ea (CF[subscript 3]CHFCF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (CF[subscript 3]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). In situ measurements are from the global monitoring sites of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (SOGE), and Gosan (South Korea). We include the first halocarbon flask sample measurements from the Antarctic research stations King Sejong and Troll. We also present measurements of archived air samples from both hemispheres back to the 1970s. We use a two-dimensional atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and to estimate global emissions. HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa first appeared in the atmosphere only ∼1 decade ago; they have grown rapidly to globally averaged dry air mole fractions of 0.53 ppt (in parts per trillion, 10[superscript −12]) and 1.1 ppt, respectively, by the end of 2010. In contrast, HFC-227ea first appeared in the global atmosphere in the 1980s and has since grown to ∼0.58 ppt. We report the first measurements of HFC-236fa in the atmosphere. This long-lived compound was present in the atmosphere at only 0.074 ppt in 2010. All four substances exhibit yearly growth rates of >8% yr[superscript −1] at the end of 2010. We find rapidly increasing emissions for the foam-blowing compounds HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa starting in ∼2002. After peaking in 2006 (HFC-365mfc: 3.2 kt yr[superscript −1], HFC-245fa: 6.5 kt yr[superscript −1]), emissions began to decline. Our results for these two compounds suggest that recent estimates from long-term projections (to the late 21st century) have strongly overestimated emissions for the early years of the projections (∼2005–2010). Global HFC-227ea and HFC-236fa emissions have grown to average values of 2.4 kt yr[superscript −1] and 0.18 kt yr[superscript −1] over the 2008–2010 period, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T11:50:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/74025 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T11:50:10Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | American Geophysical Union (AGU) |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/740252024-05-15T08:41:12Z Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa Rigby, Matthew Vollmer, Martin K. Miller, Benjamin R. Reimann, Stefan Muhle, Jens Krummel, P. B. O'Doherty, Simon Kim, Jooil Rhee, Tae Siek Weiss, Ray F. Fraser, P. J. Simmonds, Peter G. Salameh, Peter K. Harth, C. M. Wang, Ray H. J. Steele, L. Paul Young, Dickon Lunder, Chris R. Hermansen, Ove Arnold, Tim Schmidbauer, Norbert Kim, Kyung-Ryul Greally, B. R. Hill, Matthias Leist, Michael Wenger, Angelina Ivy, Diane J Prinn, Ronald G Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Rigby, Matthew Ivy, Diane J. Prinn, Ronald G. We report on ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates of the four anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc (CH[subscript 3]CF[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane), HFC-245fa (CHF[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-227ea (CF[subscript 3]CHFCF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (CF[subscript 3]CH[subscript 2]CF[subscript 3], 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). In situ measurements are from the global monitoring sites of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (SOGE), and Gosan (South Korea). We include the first halocarbon flask sample measurements from the Antarctic research stations King Sejong and Troll. We also present measurements of archived air samples from both hemispheres back to the 1970s. We use a two-dimensional atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and to estimate global emissions. HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa first appeared in the atmosphere only ∼1 decade ago; they have grown rapidly to globally averaged dry air mole fractions of 0.53 ppt (in parts per trillion, 10[superscript −12]) and 1.1 ppt, respectively, by the end of 2010. In contrast, HFC-227ea first appeared in the global atmosphere in the 1980s and has since grown to ∼0.58 ppt. We report the first measurements of HFC-236fa in the atmosphere. This long-lived compound was present in the atmosphere at only 0.074 ppt in 2010. All four substances exhibit yearly growth rates of >8% yr[superscript −1] at the end of 2010. We find rapidly increasing emissions for the foam-blowing compounds HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa starting in ∼2002. After peaking in 2006 (HFC-365mfc: 3.2 kt yr[superscript −1], HFC-245fa: 6.5 kt yr[superscript −1]), emissions began to decline. Our results for these two compounds suggest that recent estimates from long-term projections (to the late 21st century) have strongly overestimated emissions for the early years of the projections (∼2005–2010). Global HFC-227ea and HFC-236fa emissions have grown to average values of 2.4 kt yr[superscript −1] and 0.18 kt yr[superscript −1] over the 2008–2010 period, respectively. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NAG5‐12669) United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NNX07AE89G) 2012-10-16T15:54:09Z 2012-10-16T15:54:09Z 2011-04 2010-11 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0148-0227 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74025 Vollmer, Martin K. et al. “Atmospheric Histories and Global Emissions of the Anthropogenic Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa.” Journal of Geophysical Research 116.D8 (2011). ©2011 American Geophysical Union https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801 en_US http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015309 Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. application/pdf American Geophysical Union (AGU) MIT web domain |
| spellingShingle | Rigby, Matthew Vollmer, Martin K. Miller, Benjamin R. Reimann, Stefan Muhle, Jens Krummel, P. B. O'Doherty, Simon Kim, Jooil Rhee, Tae Siek Weiss, Ray F. Fraser, P. J. Simmonds, Peter G. Salameh, Peter K. Harth, C. M. Wang, Ray H. J. Steele, L. Paul Young, Dickon Lunder, Chris R. Hermansen, Ove Arnold, Tim Schmidbauer, Norbert Kim, Kyung-Ryul Greally, B. R. Hill, Matthias Leist, Michael Wenger, Angelina Ivy, Diane J Prinn, Ronald G Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa |
| title | Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa |
| title_full | Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa |
| title_short | Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa |
| title_sort | atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons hfc 365mfc hfc 245fa hfc 227ea and hfc 236fa |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74025 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801 |
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