Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Theoretical inferences, based on biophysical, biochemical, and biosemiotic considerations, are related here to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other degenerative conditions. We suggest that the “daytime” job of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), when sunlight is avai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en_US |
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MDPI AG
2013
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77582 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1049 |
| _version_ | 1811093856122306560 |
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| author | Seneff, Stephanie Lauritzen, Ann Davidson, Robert M. Lentz-Marino, Laurie |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Seneff, Stephanie Lauritzen, Ann Davidson, Robert M. Lentz-Marino, Laurie |
| author_sort | Seneff, Stephanie |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Theoretical inferences, based on biophysical, biochemical, and biosemiotic considerations, are related here to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other degenerative conditions. We suggest that the “daytime” job of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), when sunlight is available, is to catalyze sulfate production. There is a striking alignment between cell types that produce either cholesterol sulfate or sulfated polysaccharides and those that contain eNOS. The signaling gas, nitric oxide, a well-known product of eNOS, produces pathological effects not shared by hydrogen sulfide, a sulfur-based signaling gas. We propose that sulfate plays an essential role in HDL-A1 cholesterol trafficking and in sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), both critical to lysosomal recycling (or disposal) of cellular debris. HSPGs are also crucial in glucose metabolism, protecting against diabetes, and in maintaining blood colloidal suspension and capillary flow, through systems dependent on water-structuring properties of sulfate, an anionic kosmotrope. When sunlight exposure is insufficient, lipids accumulate in the atheroma in order to supply cholesterol and sulfate to the heart, using a process that depends upon inflammation. The inevitable conclusion is that dietary sulfur and adequate sunlight can help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and other disease conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T15:51:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/77582 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T15:51:46Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/775822022-10-02T04:40:13Z Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Seneff, Stephanie Lauritzen, Ann Davidson, Robert M. Lentz-Marino, Laurie Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Seneff, Stephanie Theoretical inferences, based on biophysical, biochemical, and biosemiotic considerations, are related here to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other degenerative conditions. We suggest that the “daytime” job of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), when sunlight is available, is to catalyze sulfate production. There is a striking alignment between cell types that produce either cholesterol sulfate or sulfated polysaccharides and those that contain eNOS. The signaling gas, nitric oxide, a well-known product of eNOS, produces pathological effects not shared by hydrogen sulfide, a sulfur-based signaling gas. We propose that sulfate plays an essential role in HDL-A1 cholesterol trafficking and in sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), both critical to lysosomal recycling (or disposal) of cellular debris. HSPGs are also crucial in glucose metabolism, protecting against diabetes, and in maintaining blood colloidal suspension and capillary flow, through systems dependent on water-structuring properties of sulfate, an anionic kosmotrope. When sunlight exposure is insufficient, lipids accumulate in the atheroma in order to supply cholesterol and sulfate to the heart, using a process that depends upon inflammation. The inevitable conclusion is that dietary sulfur and adequate sunlight can help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and other disease conditions. 2013-03-06T18:03:15Z 2013-03-06T18:03:15Z 2012-12 2012-11 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 1099-4300 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77582 Seneff, Stephanie et al. “Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job Is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease.” Entropy 14.12 (2012): 2492–2530. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1049 en_US http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e14122492 Entropy Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ application/pdf MDPI AG MDPI Publishing |
| spellingShingle | Seneff, Stephanie Lauritzen, Ann Davidson, Robert M. Lentz-Marino, Laurie Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease |
| title | Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease |
| title_full | Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease |
| title_fullStr | Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease |
| title_short | Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease |
| title_sort | is endothelial nitric oxide synthase a moonlighting protein whose day job is cholesterol sulfate synthesis implications for cholesterol transport diabetes and cardiovascular disease |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77582 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1049 |
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