Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery utilizing low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have revealed that skin permeability enhancement is not homogenous across the skin surface. Instead, highly perturbed skin regions, known as localized transport regions (LTRs), exi...
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| Format: | Article |
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Wiley Blackwell
2013
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78862 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-415X https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-0492 |
| _version_ | 1826206352600465408 |
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| author | Polat, Baris E. Figueroa, Pedro L. Blankschtein, Daniel Langer, Robert |
| author2 | delete |
| author_facet | delete Polat, Baris E. Figueroa, Pedro L. Blankschtein, Daniel Langer, Robert |
| author_sort | Polat, Baris E. |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery utilizing low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have revealed that skin permeability enhancement is not homogenous across the skin surface. Instead, highly perturbed skin regions, known as localized transport regions (LTRs), exist. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted to identify intrinsic properties and formation mechanisms of LTRs and the surrounding less-perturbed non-LTRs. By independently analyzing LTR, non-LTR, and total skin samples treated at multiple LFS frequencies, we found that the pore radii (r[subscript pore]) within non-LTRs are frequency-independent, ranging from 18.2 to 18.5 Å, but significantly larger than r[subscript pore] of native skin samples (13.6 Å). Conversely, r[subscript pore] within LTRs increase significantly with decreasing frequency from 161 to 276 Å and to ∞ (>300 Å) for LFS/SLS-treated skin at 60, 40, and 20 kHz, respectively. Our findings suggest that different mechanisms contribute to skin permeability enhancement within each skin region. We propose that the enhancement mechanism within LTRs is the frequency-dependent process of cavitation-induced microjet collapse at the skin surface, whereas the increased r[subscript pore] values in non-LTRs are likely due to SLS perturbation, with enhanced penetration of SLS into the skin resulting from the frequency-independent process of microstreaming. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:28:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/78862 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T13:28:08Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Wiley Blackwell |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/788622022-10-01T15:28:01Z Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Polat, Baris E. Figueroa, Pedro L. Blankschtein, Daniel Langer, Robert delete Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemical Engineering Polat, Baris E. Figueroa, Pedro L. Blankschtein, Daniel Langer, Robert Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery utilizing low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have revealed that skin permeability enhancement is not homogenous across the skin surface. Instead, highly perturbed skin regions, known as localized transport regions (LTRs), exist. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted to identify intrinsic properties and formation mechanisms of LTRs and the surrounding less-perturbed non-LTRs. By independently analyzing LTR, non-LTR, and total skin samples treated at multiple LFS frequencies, we found that the pore radii (r[subscript pore]) within non-LTRs are frequency-independent, ranging from 18.2 to 18.5 Å, but significantly larger than r[subscript pore] of native skin samples (13.6 Å). Conversely, r[subscript pore] within LTRs increase significantly with decreasing frequency from 161 to 276 Å and to ∞ (>300 Å) for LFS/SLS-treated skin at 60, 40, and 20 kHz, respectively. Our findings suggest that different mechanisms contribute to skin permeability enhancement within each skin region. We propose that the enhancement mechanism within LTRs is the frequency-dependent process of cavitation-induced microjet collapse at the skin surface, whereas the increased r[subscript pore] values in non-LTRs are likely due to SLS perturbation, with enhanced penetration of SLS into the skin resulting from the frequency-independent process of microstreaming. 2013-05-13T18:50:23Z 2013-05-13T18:50:23Z 2010-08 2010-05 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0022-3549 1520-6017 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78862 Polat, Baris E., Pedro L. Figueroa, Daniel Blankschtein, and Robert Langer 2011Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms Within Localized and Non-localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 100(2): 512–529. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-415X https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-0492 en_US http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.22280 Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ application/pdf Wiley Blackwell PMC |
| spellingShingle | Polat, Baris E. Figueroa, Pedro L. Blankschtein, Daniel Langer, Robert Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate |
| title | Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate |
| title_full | Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate |
| title_fullStr | Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate |
| title_short | Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate |
| title_sort | transport pathways and enhancement mechanisms within localized and non localized transport regions in skin treated with low frequency sonophoresis and sodium lauryl sulfate |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78862 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-415X https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-0492 |
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