Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-established serum marker for alcohol-related liver disease. However, GGT’s predictive utility applies well beyond liver disease: elevated GGT is linked to increased risk to a multitude of diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2015
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99364 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1049 |
| _version_ | 1826195445224833024 |
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| author | Koenig, Gerald Seneff, Stephanie |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Koenig, Gerald Seneff, Stephanie |
| author_sort | Koenig, Gerald |
| collection | MIT |
| description | Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-established serum marker for alcohol-related liver disease. However, GGT’s predictive utility applies well beyond liver disease: elevated GGT is linked to increased risk to a multitude of diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and all-cause mortality. The literature from multiple population groups worldwide consistently shows strong predictive power for GGT, even across different gender and ethnic categories. Here, we examine the relationship of GGT to other serum markers such as serum ferritin (SF) levels, and we suggest a link to exposure to environmental and endogenous toxins, resulting in oxidative and nitrosative stress. We observe a general upward trend in population levels of GGT over time, particularly in the US and Korea. Since the late 1970s, both GGT and incident MetS and its related disorders have risen in virtual lockstep. GGT is an early predictive marker for atherosclerosis, heart failure, arterial stiffness and plaque, gestational diabetes, and various liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, other infectious diseases, and several life-threatening cancers. We review literature both from the medical sciences and from life insurance industries demonstrating that serum GGT is a superior marker for future disease risk, when compared against multiple other known mortality risk factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:12:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/99364 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T10:12:48Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/993642022-09-30T19:38:27Z Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk Koenig, Gerald Seneff, Stephanie Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Seneff, Stephanie Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-established serum marker for alcohol-related liver disease. However, GGT’s predictive utility applies well beyond liver disease: elevated GGT is linked to increased risk to a multitude of diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and all-cause mortality. The literature from multiple population groups worldwide consistently shows strong predictive power for GGT, even across different gender and ethnic categories. Here, we examine the relationship of GGT to other serum markers such as serum ferritin (SF) levels, and we suggest a link to exposure to environmental and endogenous toxins, resulting in oxidative and nitrosative stress. We observe a general upward trend in population levels of GGT over time, particularly in the US and Korea. Since the late 1970s, both GGT and incident MetS and its related disorders have risen in virtual lockstep. GGT is an early predictive marker for atherosclerosis, heart failure, arterial stiffness and plaque, gestational diabetes, and various liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, other infectious diseases, and several life-threatening cancers. We review literature both from the medical sciences and from life insurance industries demonstrating that serum GGT is a superior marker for future disease risk, when compared against multiple other known mortality risk factors. Quanta Computer (Firm) 2015-10-20T11:57:35Z 2015-10-20T11:57:35Z 2015 2015-07 2015-10-17T06:58:06Z Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 0278-0240 1875-8630 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99364 Gerald Koenig and Stephanie Seneff, “Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk,” Disease Markers, vol. 2015, Article ID 818570, 18 pages, 2015. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1049 en http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/818570 Disease Markers Creative Commons Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 Copyright © 2015 Gerald Koenig and Stephanie Seneff. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. application/pdf Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
| spellingShingle | Koenig, Gerald Seneff, Stephanie Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk |
| title | Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk |
| title_full | Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk |
| title_fullStr | Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk |
| title_short | Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk |
| title_sort | gamma glutamyltransferase a predictive biomarker of cellular antioxidant inadequacy and disease risk |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99364 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1049 |
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