Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has alleged that Volkswagen Group of America (VW) violated the Clean Air Act (CAA) by developing and installing emissions control system 'defeat devices' (software) in model year 2009–2015 vehicles with 2.0 litre diesel engines. VW has admitted...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en_US |
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IOP Publishing
2015
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99727 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8966-9469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-0637 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-9545 |
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| author | Ashok, Akshay Malina, Robert Barrett, Steven R. H. Speth, Raymond L. Eastham, Sebastian D. Dedoussi, Irene Constantina Keith, David W. |
| author2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics |
| author_facet | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Ashok, Akshay Malina, Robert Barrett, Steven R. H. Speth, Raymond L. Eastham, Sebastian D. Dedoussi, Irene Constantina Keith, David W. |
| author_sort | Ashok, Akshay |
| collection | MIT |
| description | The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has alleged that Volkswagen Group of America (VW) violated the Clean Air Act (CAA) by developing and installing emissions control system 'defeat devices' (software) in model year 2009–2015 vehicles with 2.0 litre diesel engines. VW has admitted the inclusion of defeat devices. On-road emissions testing suggests that in-use NO[subscript x] emissions for these vehicles are a factor of 10 to 40 above the EPA standard. In this paper we quantify the human health impacts and associated costs of the excess emissions. We propagate uncertainties throughout the analysis. A distribution function for excess emissions is estimated based on available in-use NO[subscript x] emissions measurements. We then use vehicle sales data and the STEP vehicle fleet model to estimate vehicle distance traveled per year for the fleet. The excess NO[subscript x] emissions are allocated on a 50 km grid using an EPA estimate of the light duty diesel vehicle NO[subscript x] emissions distribution. We apply a GEOS-Chem adjoint-based rapid air pollution exposure model to produce estimates of particulate matter and ozone exposure due to the spatially resolved excess NO[subscript x] emissions. A set of concentration-response functions is applied to estimate mortality and morbidity outcomes. Integrated over the sales period (2008–2015) we estimate that the excess emissions will cause 59 (95% CI: 10 to 150) early deaths in the US. When monetizing premature mortality using EPA-recommended data, we find a social cost of ~$450m over the sales period. For the current fleet, we estimate that a return to compliance for all affected vehicles by the end of 2016 will avert ~130 early deaths and avoid ~$840m in social costs compared to a counterfactual case without recall. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-23T08:30:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | mit-1721.1/99727 |
| institution | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| language | en_US |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-23T08:30:08Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | mit-1721.1/997272022-09-23T12:43:10Z Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health Ashok, Akshay Malina, Robert Barrett, Steven R. H. Speth, Raymond L. Eastham, Sebastian D. Dedoussi, Irene Constantina Keith, David W. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Barrett, Steven R. H. Speth, Raymond L. Dedoussi, Irene Constantina Ashok, Akshay Malina, Robert The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has alleged that Volkswagen Group of America (VW) violated the Clean Air Act (CAA) by developing and installing emissions control system 'defeat devices' (software) in model year 2009–2015 vehicles with 2.0 litre diesel engines. VW has admitted the inclusion of defeat devices. On-road emissions testing suggests that in-use NO[subscript x] emissions for these vehicles are a factor of 10 to 40 above the EPA standard. In this paper we quantify the human health impacts and associated costs of the excess emissions. We propagate uncertainties throughout the analysis. A distribution function for excess emissions is estimated based on available in-use NO[subscript x] emissions measurements. We then use vehicle sales data and the STEP vehicle fleet model to estimate vehicle distance traveled per year for the fleet. The excess NO[subscript x] emissions are allocated on a 50 km grid using an EPA estimate of the light duty diesel vehicle NO[subscript x] emissions distribution. We apply a GEOS-Chem adjoint-based rapid air pollution exposure model to produce estimates of particulate matter and ozone exposure due to the spatially resolved excess NO[subscript x] emissions. A set of concentration-response functions is applied to estimate mortality and morbidity outcomes. Integrated over the sales period (2008–2015) we estimate that the excess emissions will cause 59 (95% CI: 10 to 150) early deaths in the US. When monetizing premature mortality using EPA-recommended data, we find a social cost of ~$450m over the sales period. For the current fleet, we estimate that a return to compliance for all affected vehicles by the end of 2016 will avert ~130 early deaths and avoid ~$840m in social costs compared to a counterfactual case without recall. 2015-11-05T14:19:46Z 2015-11-05T14:19:46Z 2015-10 2015-10 Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 1748-9326 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99727 Barrett, Steven R H, Raymond L Speth, Sebastian D Eastham, Irene C Dedoussi, Akshay Ashok, Robert Malina, and David W Keith. “Impact of the Volkswagen Emissions Control Defeat Device on US Public Health.” Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2015): 114005. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8966-9469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-0637 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-9545 en_US http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114005 Environmental Research Letters Creative Commons Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ application/pdf IOP Publishing IOP |
| spellingShingle | Ashok, Akshay Malina, Robert Barrett, Steven R. H. Speth, Raymond L. Eastham, Sebastian D. Dedoussi, Irene Constantina Keith, David W. Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health |
| title | Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health |
| title_full | Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health |
| title_fullStr | Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health |
| title_short | Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health |
| title_sort | impact of the volkswagen emissions control defeat device on us public health |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99727 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8966-9469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-0637 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-9545 |
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