| Summary: | Three-dimensional structural studies revealed that the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-Xl contains a long loop comprising 50 amino acid residues located between BH4 and the second BH4 regions. This loop has been shown to be unstructured based on NMR or X-ray crystallographic analyses. Recently, this domain has been shown to be regulated at the post-translational levels such as phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation, in response to diverse external stimuli such as chemotherapeutic drugs and DNA damages. In most cases, the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 is correlated with the inactivation of Bcl-2 activity. Currently, the mechanism of Bcl-2 phosphorylation remains poorly understand.
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