Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir
This paper presents observations of diurnal cycles of stratification and vertical mixing in Kranji Reservoir, a shallow tropical reservoir with an average depth of 6.7 m located in the northwest corner of Singapore, via field measurements, focusing on a series of three 24-h self-contained autonomous...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/150568 |
| _version_ | 1824456903067959296 |
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| author | Yang, Peipei Fong, Derek A. Lo, Edmond Yat-Man Monismith, Stephen G. |
| author2 | School of Civil and Environmental Engineering |
| author_facet | School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Yang, Peipei Fong, Derek A. Lo, Edmond Yat-Man Monismith, Stephen G. |
| author_sort | Yang, Peipei |
| collection | NTU |
| description | This paper presents observations of diurnal cycles of stratification and vertical mixing in Kranji Reservoir, a shallow tropical reservoir with an average depth of 6.7 m located in the northwest corner of Singapore, via field measurements, focusing on a series of three 24-h self-contained autonomous microprofiler (SCAMP) measurements. This data, representing one of the most complete data sets, shows vertical mixing parameters for a tropical shallow reservoir over a diurnal cycle. Responding to diurnal cycles, the observations indicate that the thermal and flow structures are delineated by two distinct thermoclines: a three-layer structure during the daytime and a two-layer structure during the night-time when the two thermoclines merged into one. The daytime structure consisted of a thin surface mixed layer (SML) above the diurnal thermocline, an intermediate hypolimnion layer with the two thermoclines as its boundaries, and an underflow layer below the secondary thermocline. This underflow is shown to primarily arise from a horizontal temperature gradient generated by the daytime wind and stratification, and maintained by night-time differential cooling. The nocturnal structure is comprised of a SML deepened by penetrative cooling and the underflow layer. Analysis of relevant dimensionless numbers, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget, and Fr T –Re T turbulent phase diagram provide a consistent picture of the different mixing mechanisms within each layer. This short time scale variability of vertical mixing as observed in Kranji Reservoir would be a factor in favouring primary production for such shallow tropical systems. |
| first_indexed | 2025-02-19T04:01:29Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | ntu-10356/150568 |
| institution | Nanyang Technological University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-02-19T04:01:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | ntu-10356/1505682021-08-04T02:37:03Z Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir Yang, Peipei Fong, Derek A. Lo, Edmond Yat-Man Monismith, Stephen G. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Environmental Process Modelling Centre Engineering::Environmental engineering Vertical Mixing Tropical Shallow Lakes This paper presents observations of diurnal cycles of stratification and vertical mixing in Kranji Reservoir, a shallow tropical reservoir with an average depth of 6.7 m located in the northwest corner of Singapore, via field measurements, focusing on a series of three 24-h self-contained autonomous microprofiler (SCAMP) measurements. This data, representing one of the most complete data sets, shows vertical mixing parameters for a tropical shallow reservoir over a diurnal cycle. Responding to diurnal cycles, the observations indicate that the thermal and flow structures are delineated by two distinct thermoclines: a three-layer structure during the daytime and a two-layer structure during the night-time when the two thermoclines merged into one. The daytime structure consisted of a thin surface mixed layer (SML) above the diurnal thermocline, an intermediate hypolimnion layer with the two thermoclines as its boundaries, and an underflow layer below the secondary thermocline. This underflow is shown to primarily arise from a horizontal temperature gradient generated by the daytime wind and stratification, and maintained by night-time differential cooling. The nocturnal structure is comprised of a SML deepened by penetrative cooling and the underflow layer. Analysis of relevant dimensionless numbers, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget, and Fr T –Re T turbulent phase diagram provide a consistent picture of the different mixing mechanisms within each layer. This short time scale variability of vertical mixing as observed in Kranji Reservoir would be a factor in favouring primary production for such shallow tropical systems. National Research Foundation (NRF) We thank PUB, Singapore’s national water agency for access to the field site and field support. We would also like to thank Ryan Walter and Ryan Moniz from Stanford University, and Xing Zikun, Yao Yu, Yao Yao and Chia Key Huat from Nanyang Technological University for key assistance in the field measurements. This work was supported by the Singapore Stanford Partnership Program and Singapore’s National Research Foundation (NRF) under its Environmental and Water Technologies (EWT) PhD Scholarship Program. 2021-08-04T02:37:03Z 2021-08-04T02:37:03Z 2019 Journal Article Yang, P., Fong, D. A., Lo, E. Y. & Monismith, S. G. (2019). Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir. Limnology, 20(3), 279-296. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10201-019-00577-z 1439-8621 0000-0003-3616-7374 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/150568 10.1007/s10201-019-00577-z 2-s2.0-85064274026 3 20 279 296 en Limnology © 2019 The Japanese Society of Limnology. All rights reserved. |
| spellingShingle | Engineering::Environmental engineering Vertical Mixing Tropical Shallow Lakes Yang, Peipei Fong, Derek A. Lo, Edmond Yat-Man Monismith, Stephen G. Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| title | Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| title_full | Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| title_fullStr | Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| title_short | Vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| title_sort | vertical mixing in a shallow tropical reservoir |
| topic | Engineering::Environmental engineering Vertical Mixing Tropical Shallow Lakes |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/150568 |
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