Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) regulates the pace of life for billions of people in the Indian subcontinent by driving the agriculture and Gross Domestic Product of the region. The chemical composition of ISM is influenced by pollutant type, meteorology, and topography. As a result, the chemical ma...
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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2022
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/161487 |
| _version_ | 1824456843829706752 |
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| author | Majumdar, Aditi Samanta, Dhrubajyoti Das, Reshmi |
| author2 | Earth Observatory of Singapore |
| author_facet | Earth Observatory of Singapore Majumdar, Aditi Samanta, Dhrubajyoti Das, Reshmi |
| author_sort | Majumdar, Aditi |
| collection | NTU |
| description | The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) regulates the pace of life for billions of people in the Indian subcontinent by driving the agriculture and Gross Domestic Product of the region. The chemical composition of ISM is influenced by pollutant type, meteorology, and topography. As a result, the chemical makeup of rainwater varies greatly across places. The current review article highlights the variations and trends of the principal chemical constituents of rainwater (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, NO3–, SO42–, and Cl–) across six homogeneous Indian monsoon regions: Central Northeast, Hilly, Northwest, Northeast, Peninsular and West Central region. Average rainwater pH ranged from 5.31 to 6.70 in these six regions. The incidence of acidic rain events at three separate locations in the Peninsular region suggests a significant impact of anthropogenic emissions. The chemical composition of rainwater in all these regions varied considerably and seemed to form a regional pattern. The majority of the ions in rainwater were highest in the Northwest while lowest in the Peninsular region. Cl– had a significant correlation with Na+ and NH4+ in the Hilly region, and with Na+ and Mg2+ in the West Central region suggesting it is sourced from both marine and anthropogenic sources. The soil Enrichment Factor relative to Ca2+ demonstrated that soil has a significant effect on rainwater composition. Ca2+ was determined to be the most abundant neutralizing ion in all the regions. Furthermore, the synthesis of rainwater chemistry reveals a strong relationship with dominant interannual climate variability El Niño Southern Oscillation with significantly higher concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl–, and SO4– in rainwater during El Niño year compared to La Niña year. |
| first_indexed | 2025-02-19T04:00:33Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | ntu-10356/161487 |
| institution | Nanyang Technological University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-02-19T04:00:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | ntu-10356/1614872022-09-10T23:31:04Z Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review Majumdar, Aditi Samanta, Dhrubajyoti Das, Reshmi Earth Observatory of Singapore Social sciences::Geography::Environmental sciences Rainwater Major Ions The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) regulates the pace of life for billions of people in the Indian subcontinent by driving the agriculture and Gross Domestic Product of the region. The chemical composition of ISM is influenced by pollutant type, meteorology, and topography. As a result, the chemical makeup of rainwater varies greatly across places. The current review article highlights the variations and trends of the principal chemical constituents of rainwater (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, NO3–, SO42–, and Cl–) across six homogeneous Indian monsoon regions: Central Northeast, Hilly, Northwest, Northeast, Peninsular and West Central region. Average rainwater pH ranged from 5.31 to 6.70 in these six regions. The incidence of acidic rain events at three separate locations in the Peninsular region suggests a significant impact of anthropogenic emissions. The chemical composition of rainwater in all these regions varied considerably and seemed to form a regional pattern. The majority of the ions in rainwater were highest in the Northwest while lowest in the Peninsular region. Cl– had a significant correlation with Na+ and NH4+ in the Hilly region, and with Na+ and Mg2+ in the West Central region suggesting it is sourced from both marine and anthropogenic sources. The soil Enrichment Factor relative to Ca2+ demonstrated that soil has a significant effect on rainwater composition. Ca2+ was determined to be the most abundant neutralizing ion in all the regions. Furthermore, the synthesis of rainwater chemistry reveals a strong relationship with dominant interannual climate variability El Niño Southern Oscillation with significantly higher concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl–, and SO4– in rainwater during El Niño year compared to La Niña year. Ministry of Education (MOE) Published version RD thanks the UGC (University Grants Commission) for providing the FRP (Faculty Recharge Programme) fellowship. DS was partially funded by Ministry of Education Tier 3 Project MOE2019-T3-1-004 funded at Earth Observatory of Singapore. 2022-09-06T01:01:13Z 2022-09-06T01:01:13Z 2022 Journal Article Majumdar, A., Samanta, D. & Das, R. (2022). Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22(7), 220019-. https://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220019 1680-8584 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/161487 10.4209/aaqr.220019 2-s2.0-85133421264 7 22 220019 en MOE2019-T3-1-004 Aerosol and Air Quality Research © The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. application/pdf |
| spellingShingle | Social sciences::Geography::Environmental sciences Rainwater Major Ions Majumdar, Aditi Samanta, Dhrubajyoti Das, Reshmi Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review |
| title | Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review |
| title_full | Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review |
| title_fullStr | Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review |
| title_short | Chemical characteristics and trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: a review |
| title_sort | chemical characteristics and trends of indian summer monsoon rainfall a review |
| topic | Social sciences::Geography::Environmental sciences Rainwater Major Ions |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/161487 |
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