Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand
This study investigates the presence and concentrations of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainwater and throughfall water collected from urban areas and agricultural lands in northern Thailand. It focuses on one daily-use compound (caffeine), two industrial compounds (4-nitrophenol a...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2024
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/173106 |
| _version_ | 1826120657302192128 |
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| author | Lee, Theodora Hui Yian Srinuansom, Khajornkiat Snyder, Shane Allen Ziegler, Alan D. |
| author2 | Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute |
| author_facet | Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Lee, Theodora Hui Yian Srinuansom, Khajornkiat Snyder, Shane Allen Ziegler, Alan D. |
| author_sort | Lee, Theodora Hui Yian |
| collection | NTU |
| description | This study investigates the presence and concentrations of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainwater and throughfall water collected from urban areas and agricultural lands in northern Thailand. It focuses on one daily-use compound (caffeine), two industrial compounds (4-nitrophenol and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP)), and three agrichemicals (atrazine, fenobucarb, and 2,4-D). Additionally, information is provided regarding the presence of acetaminophen, fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and gabapentin. Small differences in the chemical composition of the six main contaminants were observed between rainwater and forest throughfall water. However, significant variations were found in the concentration ranges of each EPC. In most cases, throughfall samples exhibited slightly higher concentrations, suggesting a limited contribution from dry deposition compared to rainfall. Limited reliable evidence was found concerning seasonal patterns in EPC concentrations in precipitation (rainfall and throughfall) and surface water samples in remote ponds and reservoirs. The transportation of EPCs via rainwater appears to vary among the compounds tested and is likely to vary from one rainfall event to another, rather than showing a strong and common seasonal response within the monsoon rainfall regime. These findings suggest that the transport of EPCs to remote areas via rainfall does occur for some EPCs. However, the dominance of this process over other transport mechanisms could not be determined with high confidence. |
| first_indexed | 2024-10-01T05:20:03Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | ntu-10356/173106 |
| institution | Nanyang Technological University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-10-01T05:20:03Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | ntu-10356/1731062024-01-17T15:34:47Z Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand Lee, Theodora Hui Yian Srinuansom, Khajornkiat Snyder, Shane Allen Ziegler, Alan D. Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Engineering::Environmental engineering Rainfall Emerging Contaminants This study investigates the presence and concentrations of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainwater and throughfall water collected from urban areas and agricultural lands in northern Thailand. It focuses on one daily-use compound (caffeine), two industrial compounds (4-nitrophenol and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP)), and three agrichemicals (atrazine, fenobucarb, and 2,4-D). Additionally, information is provided regarding the presence of acetaminophen, fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and gabapentin. Small differences in the chemical composition of the six main contaminants were observed between rainwater and forest throughfall water. However, significant variations were found in the concentration ranges of each EPC. In most cases, throughfall samples exhibited slightly higher concentrations, suggesting a limited contribution from dry deposition compared to rainfall. Limited reliable evidence was found concerning seasonal patterns in EPC concentrations in precipitation (rainfall and throughfall) and surface water samples in remote ponds and reservoirs. The transportation of EPCs via rainwater appears to vary among the compounds tested and is likely to vary from one rainfall event to another, rather than showing a strong and common seasonal response within the monsoon rainfall regime. These findings suggest that the transport of EPCs to remote areas via rainfall does occur for some EPCs. However, the dominance of this process over other transport mechanisms could not be determined with high confidence. Lien Foundation National Research Foundation (NRF) Public Utilities Board (PUB) Published version This work is funded by National Research Foundation, Singapore, and PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency under its RIE2025 Urban Solutions and Sustainability (USS) (Water) Centre of Excellence (CoE) programme, awarded to Nanyang Environmental & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU), and also supported by the Lien Environmental Fellowship Programme. 2024-01-12T05:05:09Z 2024-01-12T05:05:09Z 2023 Journal Article Lee, T. H. Y., Srinuansom, K., Snyder, S. A. & Ziegler, A. D. (2023). Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand. Atmosphere, 14(11), 1603-. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111603 2073-4433 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/173106 10.3390/atmos14111603 2-s2.0-85178111080 11 14 1603 en Atmosphere © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). application/pdf |
| spellingShingle | Engineering::Environmental engineering Rainfall Emerging Contaminants Lee, Theodora Hui Yian Srinuansom, Khajornkiat Snyder, Shane Allen Ziegler, Alan D. Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand |
| title | Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand |
| title_full | Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand |
| title_short | Atmosphere-transported emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainfall and throughfall: insights from a rural site in Northern Thailand |
| title_sort | atmosphere transported emerging and persistent contaminants epcs in rainfall and throughfall insights from a rural site in northern thailand |
| topic | Engineering::Environmental engineering Rainfall Emerging Contaminants |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/173106 |
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