The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks
Hierarchical networks are frequently encountered in animal groups, gene networks, and artificial engineering systems such as multiple robots, unmanned vehicle systems, smart grids, wind farm networks, and so forth. The structure of a large directed hierarchical network is often strongly influenced b...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2024
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/179906 |
| _version_ | 1826126077515268096 |
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| author | Cao, Haosen Hu, Bin-Bin Mo, Xiaoyu Chen, Duxin Gao, Jianxi Yuan, Ye Chen, Guanrong Vicsek, Tamás Guan, Xiaohong Zhang, Hai-Tao |
| author2 | School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering |
| author_facet | School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cao, Haosen Hu, Bin-Bin Mo, Xiaoyu Chen, Duxin Gao, Jianxi Yuan, Ye Chen, Guanrong Vicsek, Tamás Guan, Xiaohong Zhang, Hai-Tao |
| author_sort | Cao, Haosen |
| collection | NTU |
| description | Hierarchical networks are frequently encountered in animal groups, gene networks, and artificial engineering systems such as multiple robots, unmanned vehicle systems, smart grids, wind farm networks, and so forth. The structure of a large directed hierarchical network is often strongly influenced by reverse edges from lower- to higher-level nodes, such as lagging birds’ howl in a flock or the opinions of lower-level individuals feeding back to higher-level ones in a social group. This study reveals that, for most large-scale real hierarchical networks, the majority of the reverse edges do not affect the synchronization process of the entire network; the synchronization process is influenced only by a small part of these reverse edges along specific paths. More surprisingly, a single effective reverse edge can slow down the synchronization of a huge hierarchical network by over 60%. The effect of such edges depends not on the network size but only on the average in-degree of the involved subnetwork. The overwhelming majority of active reverse edges turn out to have some kind of “bunching” effect on the information flows of hierarchical networks, which slows down synchronization processes. This finding refines the current understanding of the role of reverse edges in many natural, social, and engineering hierarchical networks, which might be beneficial for precisely tuning the synchronization rhythms of these networks. Our study also proposes an effective way to attack a hierarchical network by adding a malicious reverse edge to it and provides some guidance for protecting a network by screening out the specific small proportion of vulnerable nodes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-10-01T06:46:51Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | ntu-10356/179906 |
| institution | Nanyang Technological University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-10-01T06:46:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | ntu-10356/1799062024-09-07T16:48:18Z The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks Cao, Haosen Hu, Bin-Bin Mo, Xiaoyu Chen, Duxin Gao, Jianxi Yuan, Ye Chen, Guanrong Vicsek, Tamás Guan, Xiaohong Zhang, Hai-Tao School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Engineering Synchronizability Large hierarchical networks Hierarchical networks are frequently encountered in animal groups, gene networks, and artificial engineering systems such as multiple robots, unmanned vehicle systems, smart grids, wind farm networks, and so forth. The structure of a large directed hierarchical network is often strongly influenced by reverse edges from lower- to higher-level nodes, such as lagging birds’ howl in a flock or the opinions of lower-level individuals feeding back to higher-level ones in a social group. This study reveals that, for most large-scale real hierarchical networks, the majority of the reverse edges do not affect the synchronization process of the entire network; the synchronization process is influenced only by a small part of these reverse edges along specific paths. More surprisingly, a single effective reverse edge can slow down the synchronization of a huge hierarchical network by over 60%. The effect of such edges depends not on the network size but only on the average in-degree of the involved subnetwork. The overwhelming majority of active reverse edges turn out to have some kind of “bunching” effect on the information flows of hierarchical networks, which slows down synchronization processes. This finding refines the current understanding of the role of reverse edges in many natural, social, and engineering hierarchical networks, which might be beneficial for precisely tuning the synchronization rhythms of these networks. Our study also proposes an effective way to attack a hierarchical network by adding a malicious reverse edge to it and provides some guidance for protecting a network by screening out the specific small proportion of vulnerable nodes. Published version This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62225306, U2141235, 52188102, and 62003145), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022ZD0119601), Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation (2022B1515120069), and the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China (5100- 202199557A-0-5-ZN). 2024-09-02T05:42:24Z 2024-09-02T05:42:24Z 2024 Journal Article Cao, H., Hu, B., Mo, X., Chen, D., Gao, J., Yuan, Y., Chen, G., Vicsek, T., Guan, X. & Zhang, H. (2024). The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical Networks. Engineering, 36, 240-249. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.011 2095-8099 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/179906 10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.011 2-s2.0-85195033305 36 240 249 en Engineering © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). application/pdf |
| spellingShingle | Engineering Synchronizability Large hierarchical networks Cao, Haosen Hu, Bin-Bin Mo, Xiaoyu Chen, Duxin Gao, Jianxi Yuan, Ye Chen, Guanrong Vicsek, Tamás Guan, Xiaohong Zhang, Hai-Tao The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| title | The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| title_full | The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| title_fullStr | The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| title_short | The immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| title_sort | immense impact of reverse edges on large hierarchical networks |
| topic | Engineering Synchronizability Large hierarchical networks |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/179906 |
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