Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract
Gram-positive bacteria are a common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly among individuals who are elderly, pregnant, or who have other risk factors for UTI. Here we review the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, and host response to the most frequently isolated Gram-positive uropath...
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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2017
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/85576 http://hdl.handle.net/10220/43735 |
| _version_ | 1811686393188974592 |
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| author | Kline, Kimberly A. Lewis, Amanda L. |
| author2 | School of Biological Sciences |
| author_facet | School of Biological Sciences Kline, Kimberly A. Lewis, Amanda L. |
| author_sort | Kline, Kimberly A. |
| collection | NTU |
| description | Gram-positive bacteria are a common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly among individuals who are elderly, pregnant, or who have other risk factors for UTI. Here we review the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, and host response to the most frequently isolated Gram-positive uropathogens: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We also review several emerging, rare, misclassified, and otherwise underreported Gram-positive pathogens of the urinary tract including Aerococcus, Corynebacterium, Actinobaculum, and Gardnerella. The literature strongly suggests that urologic diseases involving Gram-positive bacteria may be easily overlooked due to limited culture-based assays typically utilized for urine in hospital microbiology laboratories. Some UTIs are polymicrobial in nature, often involving one or more Gram-positive bacteria. We herein review the risk factors and recent evidence for mechanisms of bacterial synergy in experimental models of polymicrobial UTI. Recent experimental data has demonstrated that, despite being cleared quickly from the bladder, some Gram-positive bacteria can impact pathogenic outcomes of co-infecting organisms. When taken together, the available evidence argues that Gram-positive bacteria are important uropathogens in their own right, but that some can be easily overlooked because they are missed by routine diagnostic methods. Finally, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that a surprising variety of fastidious Gram-positive bacteria may either reside in or be regularly exposed to the urinary tract and further suggests that their presence is widespread among women, as well as men. Experimental studies in this area are needed; however, there is a growing appreciation that the composition of bacteria found in the bladder could be a potentially important determinant in urologic disease, including susceptibility to UTI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-10-01T04:59:42Z |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | ntu-10356/85576 |
| institution | Nanyang Technological University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-10-01T04:59:42Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | ntu-10356/855762022-02-16T16:29:43Z Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract Kline, Kimberly A. Lewis, Amanda L. School of Biological Sciences Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering Urinary Tract Infection Emerging Microbiota Gram-positive bacteria are a common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly among individuals who are elderly, pregnant, or who have other risk factors for UTI. Here we review the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, and host response to the most frequently isolated Gram-positive uropathogens: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We also review several emerging, rare, misclassified, and otherwise underreported Gram-positive pathogens of the urinary tract including Aerococcus, Corynebacterium, Actinobaculum, and Gardnerella. The literature strongly suggests that urologic diseases involving Gram-positive bacteria may be easily overlooked due to limited culture-based assays typically utilized for urine in hospital microbiology laboratories. Some UTIs are polymicrobial in nature, often involving one or more Gram-positive bacteria. We herein review the risk factors and recent evidence for mechanisms of bacterial synergy in experimental models of polymicrobial UTI. Recent experimental data has demonstrated that, despite being cleared quickly from the bladder, some Gram-positive bacteria can impact pathogenic outcomes of co-infecting organisms. When taken together, the available evidence argues that Gram-positive bacteria are important uropathogens in their own right, but that some can be easily overlooked because they are missed by routine diagnostic methods. Finally, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that a surprising variety of fastidious Gram-positive bacteria may either reside in or be regularly exposed to the urinary tract and further suggests that their presence is widespread among women, as well as men. Experimental studies in this area are needed; however, there is a growing appreciation that the composition of bacteria found in the bladder could be a potentially important determinant in urologic disease, including susceptibility to UTI. MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore) Accepted version 2017-09-12T08:04:24Z 2019-12-06T16:06:23Z 2017-09-12T08:04:24Z 2019-12-06T16:06:23Z 2016 Journal Article Kline, K. A., & Lewis, A. L. (2016). Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(2). 2165-0497 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/85576 http://hdl.handle.net/10220/43735 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0012-2012 27227294 en Microbiology Spectrum © 2016 American Society for Microbiology (ASM). This is the author created version of a work that has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication by Microbiology Spectrum, American Society for Microbiology (ASM). It incorporates referee’s comments but changes resulting from the publishing process, such as copyediting, structural formatting, may not be reflected in this document. The published version is available at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0012-2012]. 54 p. application/pdf |
| spellingShingle | Urinary Tract Infection Emerging Microbiota Kline, Kimberly A. Lewis, Amanda L. Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract |
| title | Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract |
| title_full | Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract |
| title_fullStr | Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract |
| title_short | Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract |
| title_sort | gram positive uropathogens polymicrobial urinary tract infection and the emerging microbiota of the urinary tract |
| topic | Urinary Tract Infection Emerging Microbiota |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/85576 http://hdl.handle.net/10220/43735 |
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