| Summary: | Background: Exposure to ultraviolet rays can cause damage to the skin, which
include the process of tanning response as well as the decreased of skin elasticity.
Research on the effects of UV exposure on human skin elasticity and tanning
response has been demonstrated in various studies, but the correlation between
tanning response and skin elasticity due to exposure to UV rays is still unclear.
Objective: To examine the association between the elasticity of the skin with the
tanning process that occurs due to exposure to UV rays.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried on 63 subjects, by measurement of
RRT, L *, a*, b* and ITA ° of each subject. Examination of the elasticity and skin
tanning was conducted in the extensor and flexor of subject�s lower right arm,
using Reviscometer ® and Kromameter. Data analysis was performed using the
technique of Pearson product moment correlation.
Results: There is a significant correlation between the tanning response and skin
elasticity due to exposure to UV rays. Based on the results of the analysis is
known that tanning response based on skin brightness (� L*) and the changes in
skin elasticity (� RRT) has significant and positive correlation, with coefficient
correlation between two variables r = 0.501, and p = 0.000 (p <0.05) and tanning
response based on skin color (� ITAo) and the changes in skin elasticity (� RRT)
has significant and positive correlation, with coefficient correlation between two
variables r = 0.508, and p = 0.000 (p <0.05)
Conclusion: There is a correlation between the tanning response with the
decreased of human skin elasticity due to UV exposure.
package of investment liberalization through the deregulation of the sector. As a
result, there was a transformation of the energy position as a strategic commodity
that is part of the 1945 Constitution - as the 'welfare of the majority' so it must be
'controlled by state' become a commercial commodity delivered to the market
mechanism. Although the Constitutional Court has decided that the Oil and Gas
Law and the Electricity Act on the amendment because it is not mandated by the
Constitution, but in reality, the arguments of policy-based fixed values of
liberalism, while also using communitarianism claims.
Communitarianism in the mind of policy makers was looked at the
standing-position of the parties based on the interests of political parties,
instrumentation-based communal institutions of the time, and the considerations
underlying the decision, as well as responses to the decision. Of debate in
parliament and debate in the media, it appears that the policy-maker - both pro and
con - are equally employ the logic of mutual contestation. This is shown in the
statements, preamble, preamble to the law of the product, format and price
orientation, compensation solutions offered, the reasons for rejection or support,
as well as claims filed. Through the key words are explicit, the implicit model of
citizenship can be formulated in the sense of public policy formulation in
Indonesia, namely denizenship. Model of citizenship that employs denizenship are
two mutually contestation reason so ideologically irreconcilable.
Chapter 2
Construction of citizenship is built not only as a consequence of the
pressures that are supported by many parties, but also as a response to "demands"
of the ruling class - in this study focused on policy makers. Tracking the traces of
citizenship through the corridor construction (a) agenda setting and a variety of
(b) trends as a consequence of setting the agenda shows that:
First, interpretation of power relations between state and citizens affected
by the liberal paradigm. This is evidenced by:
(a) a gradual reduction of energy subsidies in the budget from year to year is a
political choice based on the demands of structural adjustment programs to
save money wherever possible state budget expenditure.
(b) the implementations of structural adjustment programs in Indonesia is
consequential to the tightening of budget spending - which option is the
tightening of spending reductions in state energy subsidies - the impact on
the configuration of the relation of its citizens. Options for tightening
(spending) of government spending turned out to prefer a reduction of
budget subsidies than others. Reflection of public policy choices are:
minimization of the role of the state going to nationals, and at the same
time, integrates citizens to the global market that emphasizes the price
mechanism.
Second, the liberal paradigm of dealing with the context of commonality
in society that led to political choices taken - the policy of subsidizing the energy
sector - a real dilemma and inconsistent with the liberal orientation itself.
Contestation of liberal paradigm and communitarianism paradigm become
inevitable. Meanwhile, the two regimes of knowledge are opposite to each other -
that's where the assumption of the regime rejected the assumption that one regime
to another - thus create oppositional hybridization. Ambivalence of oppositional
contestation is the crucial issue on the model of citizenship in Indonesia. Of traces
of polemics and dilemmas in the liberal-communitarian contestation that this
oppositional model of citizenship, it can be elaborated in Indonesia is a
denizenship model.
Chapter 3
A similar situation can be interpreted so differently when interpreted by
the regime of knowledge differently. Even so, this also happens when
policymakers make sense of citizenship in relation to the politics of energy.
Privatization of the mining sector - since the enactment of the Gas and
Electricity Act - are the base of the energy dilemma. Rising fuel prices - as part of
its policy of reduction of energy subsidies - have been repeatedly enforced, even
when it has risen many times over. Which is a series of policy operationalization
energy sector regulation - from privatization of Pertamina, the separation of the
management of the upstream and downstream oil and gas, mining investmentderegulation so as to facilitate control of transnational corporations to exploit oil
and gas, and the use of the international pricing benchmark as an indicator of
domestic prices, and the gradual reduction of energy subsidies - a manifestation of
the liberal ethos of working in the reasoning of the decision makers.
Although the Constitutional Court approved the oil and gas law and
judicial review of Electricity Act so highlight the definition of "controlled by
state" as the role of the state towards the fulfillment of 'welfare of the majority',
but considering that "the 1945 Constitution did not reject privatization" would be
another dilemma that is not less complicated. What happened next is:
transformation of fuel as a strategic commodity - which is the 'welfare of the
majority' is - a strategic commodity is delivered to the market mechanism.
Along with the 'devolution' in fuel prices to the market mechanism, then
enforce lawsuit against the fuel price component. During this time the mining
sector is a sector that is very exclusive, so the balance of expenditure and income
of the country and the sector is also a lot of questionable validity - some fiscal
experts to counter rising prices called 'stunt budget'. The reasons for the
government to raise fuel prices - for example, concerning the high cost of imports
to the state budget deficit, energy subsidies are poorly targeted, so need to be
transferred to another form, and so on - not just ideologically opposed to Article
33 UUD 1945 and contrary to the 2012 State Budget Law, but also unacceptable
both economically, politically as well. The debate in this massive policy making
fuel becomes very difficult and delayed. Various policy alternatives are offered,
ranging from restrictions on the initiative - which is the separation between the
eligible citizens are not entitled to subsidies and subsidies - which eventually
found a dead end because it is seen to be creating new problems, involvement of
other institutions to obtain the 'legitimacy', and solution in the form of
compensation programs on energy subsidies
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