| Summary: | Institutionally, the Indonesian National Military (TNI) in the New
Order era dominated the social and political system in Indonesia. The
domination ended by the falling of the Soeharto regime and the
emergence of the Reformation era. Some regulations indicating the ending
of the domination include the Decree number 3 issued in 2002 on National
Defense, the Decree number 34 on TNI, a decree issued by the Indonesian
Legislative Body (TAP MPR) No. VI in 2000 on the separation of the
Indonesian National Police (POLRI) from the TNI and the TAP MPR
No.VII in 2000 on the roles of TNI and POLRI. In addition, the TNI has
institutionally gone through some reformations and reorganizations
including reposition, redefinition and institutional reformation.
Nevertheless, the TNI has not undertaken cultural reformation especially
on the military-cultural personnel although institutionally it has done so.
On the military-cultural personnel aspect, the TNI personnel culture is still
dominated by the long-existing feudalistic. This work, therefore, focuses
on the practices of militancy, discipline, loyalty, and esprit de corps as the
four basics of the culture of the TNI personnel.
To discuss the issue, this project employs the agency and structure
of Anthony Giddens and habitus of Pierre Bourdieu theories for analytical
purposes. The data collection of this qualitative work is conducted
through observation, in-depth interview and focused group discussion
(FGD) with a number of key informants from the TNI AngkatanDarat
(Indonesian army), from those with lower, middle and upper ranks as
well as those who are pension from the TNI AD with experience of having
strategic positions. Documentation is also done to support the data
collection for important documents and library research to support
literature data. The data is analyzed in a qualitative way using categories
with interpretive and descriptive approaches.
The work finds that militancy, discipline, loyalty, and esprit de corps
of the TNI AD personnel is originated from conscious interaction between
personnel as the agent and the TNI AD as the structure having a rule and
punishment system. The interaction is mutual contributive and interinfluencing.
The influence is internal and contextual leading to establish a
doxa. This culture of personnel becoming the doxa grows effectively in the
military training and education process. Thus, the era of training and
education of personnel plays as the field or the place of the growing of the
culture of the TNI AD personnel. Besides the interaction that is internally
inter-influencing, this project also finds that the internal interaction is also
influenced externally from the feudalistic culture inherited from the
Javanese kingdoms in the past. The combination of the internal and
external aspects in the formulation of the culture of the TNI AD personnel
lead to the growing of the culture of domination in the institution, which
is hard to reform since it is internalized by the personnel in a perceptional
and long period of time. Finally, this work recommends that the materials
and contents of the training and education need to be reformed so that
they are anthropologically and culturally supporting the better culture
building. The TNI AD is encouraged to enrich the perspectives of the
materials for the training and education, especially from Indonesian
cultures but not the feudalistic one. The cultural changes are to lead to the
use of humanistic approach in the formulation process of the culture of the
TNI AD personnel.
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