| Summary: | Background: The incidence rate of pneumonia among under-five in Banjarmasin is still high. In 1999, pneumonia incidence rate was 10 out of 1000 children. Pneumonia case fatality rate in hospitals in Banjarmasin reached 33.3%. Studies have identified risk factors of pneumonia among under-five which were as follows: age, sex, father's education, mother's education, family income, delivery process, nutritional status, exclusive breast-feeding and early food baby's supplement, more than two occupants per room, regular mosquito coil use, smoke hole, and father as well as other family member ' s smoking habit.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted in which under-five children with pneumonia were identified among children attending outpatient clinic in Pelambuan, Kuin Raya, and Banjarmasin lndah Health Centers from October to December 2000. Case and control were matched according to age and sex. Two control were selected for each case, i.e. healthy neighbouring child of cases and children attending the out-patient clinic of the same Health Centres diagnosed other than acute respiratory tract infection. There were 85 cases and 170 controls. Risk factors studied were as follows: birth weight, exclusive breast-feeding, nutritional status, immunization status, vitamin A supplement, ventilation, humidity, occupant density, smoking habit, use of firewood, kitchen location, smoke hole, regular mosquito coil use, parent income, and mother's education. An observation and scheduled interviewed were conducted to obtain data. Univariate, stratified as well as multivariate data analysis were applied.
Results: The results of this study showed risk factors significantly affected pneumonia cases in Banjarmasin, namely: exclusive breast-feeding (OR= 2.20
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