Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning
Background: The neuropsychological consequences of exposure to environmental hypobaric hypoxia (EHH) remain unclear. We thus investigated them in a large group of healthy volunteers who trekked to Mount Everest base camp (5,300 m). <br/><br/> Methods: A neuropsychological (NP) test batt...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal article |
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Public Library of Science
2017
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| _version_ | 1797056403569901568 |
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| author | Griva, K Stygall, J Wilson, M Martin, D Levett, D Mitchell, K Mythen, M Montgomery, H Grocott, M Aref-Adib, G Edsell, M Plant, T Imray, C Cooke, D Harrington, J Khosravi, M Newman, S Basnyat, B Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group |
| author2 | Le, W |
| author_facet | Le, W Griva, K Stygall, J Wilson, M Martin, D Levett, D Mitchell, K Mythen, M Montgomery, H Grocott, M Aref-Adib, G Edsell, M Plant, T Imray, C Cooke, D Harrington, J Khosravi, M Newman, S Basnyat, B Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group |
| author_sort | Griva, K |
| collection | OXFORD |
| description | Background: The neuropsychological consequences of exposure to environmental hypobaric hypoxia (EHH) remain unclear. We thus investigated them in a large group of healthy volunteers who trekked to Mount Everest base camp (5,300 m). <br/><br/> Methods: A neuropsychological (NP) test battery assessing memory, language, attention, and executive function was administered to 198 participants (age 44.5±13.7 years; 60% male). These were studied at baseline (sea level), 3,500 m (Namche Bazaar), 5,300 m (Everest Base Camp) and on return to 1,300 m (Kathmandu) (attrition rate 23.7%). A comparable control group (n = 25; age 44.5±14.1 years; 60% male) for comparison with trekkers was tested at/or near sea level over an equivalent timeframe so as to account for learning effects associated with repeat testing. The Reliable Change Index (RCI) was used to calculate changes in cognition and neuropsychological function during and after exposure to EHH relative to controls. <br/><br/> Results: Overall, attention, verbal ability and executive function declined in those exposed to EHH when the performance of the control group was taken into account (RCI .05 to -.95) with decline persisting at descent. Memory and psychomotor function showed decline at highest ascent only (RCI -.08 to -.56). However, there was inter-individual variability in response: whilst NP performance declined in most, this improved in some trekkers. Cognitive decline was greater amongst older people (r = .42; p < .0001), but was otherwise not consistently associated with socio-demographic, mood, or physiological variables. <br/><br/> Conclusions: After correcting for learning effects, attention, verbal abilities and executive functioning declined with exposure to EHH. There was considerable individual variability in the response of brain function to sustained hypoxia with some participants not showing any effects of hypoxia. This might have implications for those facing sustained hypoxia as a result of any disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T19:22:43Z |
| format | Journal article |
| id | oxford-uuid:1aa49680-c74d-465c-819a-326d0e67c944 |
| institution | University of Oxford |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T19:22:43Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oxford-uuid:1aa49680-c74d-465c-819a-326d0e67c9442022-03-26T10:56:01ZCaudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioningJournal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcuuid:1aa49680-c74d-465c-819a-326d0e67c944Symplectic Elements at OxfordPublic Library of Science2017Griva, KStygall, JWilson, MMartin, DLevett, DMitchell, KMythen, MMontgomery, HGrocott, MAref-Adib, GEdsell, MPlant, TImray, CCooke, DHarrington, JKhosravi, MNewman, SBasnyat, BCaudwell Xtreme Everest Research GroupLe, WBackground: The neuropsychological consequences of exposure to environmental hypobaric hypoxia (EHH) remain unclear. We thus investigated them in a large group of healthy volunteers who trekked to Mount Everest base camp (5,300 m). <br/><br/> Methods: A neuropsychological (NP) test battery assessing memory, language, attention, and executive function was administered to 198 participants (age 44.5±13.7 years; 60% male). These were studied at baseline (sea level), 3,500 m (Namche Bazaar), 5,300 m (Everest Base Camp) and on return to 1,300 m (Kathmandu) (attrition rate 23.7%). A comparable control group (n = 25; age 44.5±14.1 years; 60% male) for comparison with trekkers was tested at/or near sea level over an equivalent timeframe so as to account for learning effects associated with repeat testing. The Reliable Change Index (RCI) was used to calculate changes in cognition and neuropsychological function during and after exposure to EHH relative to controls. <br/><br/> Results: Overall, attention, verbal ability and executive function declined in those exposed to EHH when the performance of the control group was taken into account (RCI .05 to -.95) with decline persisting at descent. Memory and psychomotor function showed decline at highest ascent only (RCI -.08 to -.56). However, there was inter-individual variability in response: whilst NP performance declined in most, this improved in some trekkers. Cognitive decline was greater amongst older people (r = .42; p < .0001), but was otherwise not consistently associated with socio-demographic, mood, or physiological variables. <br/><br/> Conclusions: After correcting for learning effects, attention, verbal abilities and executive functioning declined with exposure to EHH. There was considerable individual variability in the response of brain function to sustained hypoxia with some participants not showing any effects of hypoxia. This might have implications for those facing sustained hypoxia as a result of any disease. |
| spellingShingle | Griva, K Stygall, J Wilson, M Martin, D Levett, D Mitchell, K Mythen, M Montgomery, H Grocott, M Aref-Adib, G Edsell, M Plant, T Imray, C Cooke, D Harrington, J Khosravi, M Newman, S Basnyat, B Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
| title | Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
| title_full | Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
| title_fullStr | Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
| title_full_unstemmed | Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
| title_short | Caudwell Xtreme Everest: A prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
| title_sort | caudwell xtreme everest a prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning |
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