A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations
Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer Nature
2016
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| _version_ | 1826261583845654528 |
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| author | Buitink, S Corstanje, A Falcke, H Hörandel, JR Huege, T Nelles, A Rachen, JP Rossetto, L Schellart, P Scholten, O Veen, S Thoudam, S Trinh, TNG Anderson, J Asgekar, A Avruch, IM Bell, ME Bentum, MJ Bernardi, G Best, P Bonafede, A Breitling, F Broderick, JW Brouw, WN Brüggen, M Butcher, HR Carbone, D Ciardi, B Conway, JE De Gasperin, F De Geus, E Deller, A Dettmar, R-J Van Diepen, G Duscha, S Eislöffel, J Engels, D Enriquez, JE Fallows, RA Fender, R Ferrari, C Frieswijk, W Garrett, MA Grießmeier, JM Gunst, AW Van Haarlem, MP Hassall, TE Heald, G Hessels, JWT Hoeft, M Horneffer, A Iacobelli, M Intema, H Juette, E Karastergiou, A Kondratiev, VI Kramer, M Kuniyoshi, M Kuper, G Van Leeuwen, J Loose, GM Maat, P Mann, G Markoff, S McFadden, R McKay-bukowski, D McKean, JP Mevius, M Mulcahy, DD Munk, H Norden, MJ Orru, E Paas, H Pandey-Pommier, M Pandey, VN Pietka, M Pizzo, R Polatidis, AG Reich, W Röttgering, HJA Scaife, AMM Schwarz, DJ Serylak, M Sluman, J Smirnov, O Stappers, BW Steinmetz, M Stewart, A Swinbank, J Tagger, M Tang, Y Tasse, C Toribio, MC Vermeulen, R Vocks, C Vogt, C Van Weeren, RJ Wijers, RAMJ Wijnholds, SJ Wise, MW Wucknitz, O Yatawatta, S Zarka, P Zensus, JA |
| author_facet | Buitink, S Corstanje, A Falcke, H Hörandel, JR Huege, T Nelles, A Rachen, JP Rossetto, L Schellart, P Scholten, O Veen, S Thoudam, S Trinh, TNG Anderson, J Asgekar, A Avruch, IM Bell, ME Bentum, MJ Bernardi, G Best, P Bonafede, A Breitling, F Broderick, JW Brouw, WN Brüggen, M Butcher, HR Carbone, D Ciardi, B Conway, JE De Gasperin, F De Geus, E Deller, A Dettmar, R-J Van Diepen, G Duscha, S Eislöffel, J Engels, D Enriquez, JE Fallows, RA Fender, R Ferrari, C Frieswijk, W Garrett, MA Grießmeier, JM Gunst, AW Van Haarlem, MP Hassall, TE Heald, G Hessels, JWT Hoeft, M Horneffer, A Iacobelli, M Intema, H Juette, E Karastergiou, A Kondratiev, VI Kramer, M Kuniyoshi, M Kuper, G Van Leeuwen, J Loose, GM Maat, P Mann, G Markoff, S McFadden, R McKay-bukowski, D McKean, JP Mevius, M Mulcahy, DD Munk, H Norden, MJ Orru, E Paas, H Pandey-Pommier, M Pandey, VN Pietka, M Pizzo, R Polatidis, AG Reich, W Röttgering, HJA Scaife, AMM Schwarz, DJ Serylak, M Sluman, J Smirnov, O Stappers, BW Steinmetz, M Stewart, A Swinbank, J Tagger, M Tang, Y Tasse, C Toribio, MC Vermeulen, R Vocks, C Vogt, C Van Weeren, RJ Wijers, RAMJ Wijnholds, SJ Wise, MW Wucknitz, O Yatawatta, S Zarka, P Zensus, JA |
| author_sort | Buitink, S |
| collection | OXFORD |
| description | Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies. Cosmic rays initiate air showers--cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere-and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground. Current measurements have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays is a rapidly developing technique for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 10(17.5) electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolt range. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T19:23:39Z |
| format | Journal article |
| id | oxford-uuid:1af892d4-4fcc-44f3-9e6d-876fa86d15d2 |
| institution | University of Oxford |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T19:23:39Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Springer Nature |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oxford-uuid:1af892d4-4fcc-44f3-9e6d-876fa86d15d22022-03-26T10:57:57ZA large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observationsJournal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcuuid:1af892d4-4fcc-44f3-9e6d-876fa86d15d2EnglishSymplectic Elements at OxfordSpringer Nature2016Buitink, SCorstanje, AFalcke, HHörandel, JRHuege, TNelles, ARachen, JPRossetto, LSchellart, PScholten, OVeen, SThoudam, STrinh, TNGAnderson, JAsgekar, AAvruch, IMBell, MEBentum, MJBernardi, GBest, PBonafede, ABreitling, FBroderick, JWBrouw, WNBrüggen, MButcher, HRCarbone, DCiardi, BConway, JEDe Gasperin, FDe Geus, EDeller, ADettmar, R-JVan Diepen, GDuscha, SEislöffel, JEngels, DEnriquez, JEFallows, RAFender, RFerrari, CFrieswijk, WGarrett, MAGrießmeier, JMGunst, AWVan Haarlem, MPHassall, TEHeald, GHessels, JWTHoeft, MHorneffer, AIacobelli, MIntema, HJuette, EKarastergiou, AKondratiev, VIKramer, MKuniyoshi, MKuper, GVan Leeuwen, JLoose, GMMaat, PMann, GMarkoff, SMcFadden, RMcKay-bukowski, DMcKean, JPMevius, MMulcahy, DDMunk, HNorden, MJOrru, EPaas, HPandey-Pommier, MPandey, VNPietka, MPizzo, RPolatidis, AGReich, WRöttgering, HJAScaife, AMMSchwarz, DJSerylak, MSluman, JSmirnov, OStappers, BWSteinmetz, MStewart, ASwinbank, JTagger, MTang, YTasse, CToribio, MCVermeulen, RVocks, CVogt, CVan Weeren, RJWijers, RAMJWijnholds, SJWise, MWWucknitz, OYatawatta, SZarka, PZensus, JACosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies. Cosmic rays initiate air showers--cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere-and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground. Current measurements have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays is a rapidly developing technique for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 10(17.5) electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolt range. |
| spellingShingle | Buitink, S Corstanje, A Falcke, H Hörandel, JR Huege, T Nelles, A Rachen, JP Rossetto, L Schellart, P Scholten, O Veen, S Thoudam, S Trinh, TNG Anderson, J Asgekar, A Avruch, IM Bell, ME Bentum, MJ Bernardi, G Best, P Bonafede, A Breitling, F Broderick, JW Brouw, WN Brüggen, M Butcher, HR Carbone, D Ciardi, B Conway, JE De Gasperin, F De Geus, E Deller, A Dettmar, R-J Van Diepen, G Duscha, S Eislöffel, J Engels, D Enriquez, JE Fallows, RA Fender, R Ferrari, C Frieswijk, W Garrett, MA Grießmeier, JM Gunst, AW Van Haarlem, MP Hassall, TE Heald, G Hessels, JWT Hoeft, M Horneffer, A Iacobelli, M Intema, H Juette, E Karastergiou, A Kondratiev, VI Kramer, M Kuniyoshi, M Kuper, G Van Leeuwen, J Loose, GM Maat, P Mann, G Markoff, S McFadden, R McKay-bukowski, D McKean, JP Mevius, M Mulcahy, DD Munk, H Norden, MJ Orru, E Paas, H Pandey-Pommier, M Pandey, VN Pietka, M Pizzo, R Polatidis, AG Reich, W Röttgering, HJA Scaife, AMM Schwarz, DJ Serylak, M Sluman, J Smirnov, O Stappers, BW Steinmetz, M Stewart, A Swinbank, J Tagger, M Tang, Y Tasse, C Toribio, MC Vermeulen, R Vocks, C Vogt, C Van Weeren, RJ Wijers, RAMJ Wijnholds, SJ Wise, MW Wucknitz, O Yatawatta, S Zarka, P Zensus, JA A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations |
| title | A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations |
| title_full | A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations |
| title_fullStr | A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations |
| title_full_unstemmed | A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations |
| title_short | A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations |
| title_sort | large light mass component of cosmic rays at 10 17 10 17 5 electronvolts from radio observations |
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largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT wijersramj largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT wijnholdssj largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT wisemw largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT wucknitzo largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT yatawattas largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT zarkap largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations AT zensusja largelightmasscomponentofcosmicraysat101710175electronvoltsfromradioobservations |