| Summary: | <h4>Objectives</h4> <p>To assess the magnitude of difference in antibiotic use between clinical teams in the acute setting and assess evidence for any adverse consequences to patient safety or healthcare delivery. </p> <h4>Design</h4> <p>Prospective cohort study (1 week) and analysis of linked electronic health records (3 years).</p> <h4>Setting</h4> <p>UK tertiary care centre.</p> <h4>Participants</h4> <p>All patients admitted sequentially to the acute medical service under an Infectious Diseases Acute Physician (IDP) and other medical teams during one week in 2013 (n=297), and 3 years 2012-2014 (n=47,585). </p> <h4>Primary Outcome Measure</h4> <p>Antibiotic use in days of therapy (DOT): raw group metrics and regression analysis adjusted for case-mix.</p> <h4>Secondary Outcome Measures</h4> <p>30-day all-cause mortality, treatment failure and length of stay. </p> <h4>Results</h4> <p>Antibiotic use was 173 versus 282 DOT/100 admissions in the IDP vs non-IDP group. Using case-mix adjusted zero-inflated Poisson regression, IDP patients were significantly less likely to receive an antibiotic (adjusted OR=0.25 (95% CI 0.07-0.84), p=0.03) and received shorter courses (adjusted RRR=0.71 (95% CI 0.54-0.93), p=0.01). Clinically stable IDP patients of uncertain diagnosis were more likely to have antibiotics held (87% versus 55%; p=0.02). There was no significant difference in treatment failure or mortality (adjusted p>0.5; also in the three-year dataset), but IDP patients were more likely to be admitted overnight (adjusted OR=3.53 (95% CI 1.24-10.03) p=0.03) and have longer length-of-stay (adjusted RR=1.19 (95% CI 1.05-1.36) p=0.007). </p> <h4>Conclusions</h4> <p>The IDP-led group used 30% less antibiotic therapy with no adverse clinical outcome, suggesting antibiotic use can be reduced safely in the acute setting. This may be achieved in part by holding antibiotics and admitting the patient for observation rather than prescribing, which has implications for costs and hospital occupancy. More information is needed to indicate whether any such longer admission will increase or decrease risk of antibiotic-resistant infections. </p>
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