Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa
Nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are a major cause of invasive (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa, manifesting as bacteremia and meningitis. Available epidemiological data indicate that iNTS disease is endemic in much of the region. Antimicrobial resistance is common and case fatality rates are high...
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| Format: | Journal article |
| Language: | English |
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American Society for Microbiology
2019
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| _version_ | 1826268023871242240 |
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| author | Gilchrist, J Maclennan, C |
| author_facet | Gilchrist, J Maclennan, C |
| author_sort | Gilchrist, J |
| collection | OXFORD |
| description | Nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are a major cause of invasive (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa, manifesting as bacteremia and meningitis. Available epidemiological data indicate that iNTS disease is endemic in much of the region. Antimicrobial resistance is common and case fatality rates are high. There are well-characterized clinical associations with iNTS disease, including young age, HIV infection, malaria, malnutrition, anemia, and sickle cell disease. However, the clinical presentation of iNTS disease is often with fever alone, so clinical diagnosis is impossible without blood culture confirmation. No vaccine is currently available, making this a priority area for global health research. Over the past ten years, it has emerged that iNTS disease in Africa is caused by distinct pathovars of Salmonella Typhimurium, belonging to sequence type ST313, and Salmonella Enteritidis. These are characterized by genome degradation and appear to be adapting to an invasive lifestyle. Investigation of rare patients with primary immunodeficiencies has suggested a key role for interferon gamma-mediated immunity in host defense against NTS. This concept has been supported by recent population-based host genetic studies in African children. In contrast, immunoepidemiological studies from Africa indicate an important role for antibody for protective immunity, supporting the development of antibody-inducing vaccines against iNTS disease. With candidate O-antigen-based vaccines due to enter clinical trials in the near future, research efforts should focus on understanding the relative contributions of antibody and cell-mediated immunity to protection against iNTS disease in humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-06T21:03:15Z |
| format | Journal article |
| id | oxford-uuid:3b932e6a-7ea7-4bb0-84e9-b7a679937c0b |
| institution | University of Oxford |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-06T21:03:15Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oxford-uuid:3b932e6a-7ea7-4bb0-84e9-b7a679937c0b2022-03-26T14:08:34ZInvasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in AfricaJournal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcuuid:3b932e6a-7ea7-4bb0-84e9-b7a679937c0bEnglishSymplectic Elements at OxfordAmerican Society for Microbiology2019Gilchrist, JMaclennan, CNontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are a major cause of invasive (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa, manifesting as bacteremia and meningitis. Available epidemiological data indicate that iNTS disease is endemic in much of the region. Antimicrobial resistance is common and case fatality rates are high. There are well-characterized clinical associations with iNTS disease, including young age, HIV infection, malaria, malnutrition, anemia, and sickle cell disease. However, the clinical presentation of iNTS disease is often with fever alone, so clinical diagnosis is impossible without blood culture confirmation. No vaccine is currently available, making this a priority area for global health research. Over the past ten years, it has emerged that iNTS disease in Africa is caused by distinct pathovars of Salmonella Typhimurium, belonging to sequence type ST313, and Salmonella Enteritidis. These are characterized by genome degradation and appear to be adapting to an invasive lifestyle. Investigation of rare patients with primary immunodeficiencies has suggested a key role for interferon gamma-mediated immunity in host defense against NTS. This concept has been supported by recent population-based host genetic studies in African children. In contrast, immunoepidemiological studies from Africa indicate an important role for antibody for protective immunity, supporting the development of antibody-inducing vaccines against iNTS disease. With candidate O-antigen-based vaccines due to enter clinical trials in the near future, research efforts should focus on understanding the relative contributions of antibody and cell-mediated immunity to protection against iNTS disease in humans. |
| spellingShingle | Gilchrist, J Maclennan, C Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa |
| title | Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa |
| title_full | Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa |
| title_fullStr | Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa |
| title_short | Invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in Africa |
| title_sort | invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease in africa |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gilchristj invasivenontyphoidalsalmonelladiseaseinafrica AT maclennanc invasivenontyphoidalsalmonelladiseaseinafrica |