Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial
<p><strong>Background</strong> Recently, we found that a new malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, had over 75% efficacy against clinical malaria with seasonal administration in a phase 2b trial in Burkina Faso. Here, we report on safety and efficacy of the vaccine in a phase 3 trial enro...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Journal article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024
|
| _version_ | 1797113010509053952 |
|---|---|
| author | Datoo, MS Dicko, A Tinto, H Ouédraogo, J-B Hamaluba, M Olotu, A Beaumont, E Ramos Lopez, F Natama, HM Weston, S Chemba, M Compaore, YD Issiaka, D Salou, D Some, AM Omenda, S Lawrie, A Bejon, P Rao, H Chandramohan, D Roberts, R Bharati, S Stockdale, L Gairola, S Greenwood, BM Ewer, KJ Bradley, J Kulkarni, PS Shaligram, U Hill, AVS |
| author2 | R21/Matrix-M Phase 3 Trial Group |
| author_facet | R21/Matrix-M Phase 3 Trial Group Datoo, MS Dicko, A Tinto, H Ouédraogo, J-B Hamaluba, M Olotu, A Beaumont, E Ramos Lopez, F Natama, HM Weston, S Chemba, M Compaore, YD Issiaka, D Salou, D Some, AM Omenda, S Lawrie, A Bejon, P Rao, H Chandramohan, D Roberts, R Bharati, S Stockdale, L Gairola, S Greenwood, BM Ewer, KJ Bradley, J Kulkarni, PS Shaligram, U Hill, AVS |
| author_sort | Datoo, MS |
| collection | OXFORD |
| description | <p><strong>Background</strong> Recently, we found that a new malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, had over 75% efficacy against clinical malaria with seasonal administration in a phase 2b trial in Burkina Faso. Here, we report on safety and efficacy of the vaccine in a phase 3 trial enrolling over 4800 children across four countries followed for up to 18 months at seasonal sites and 12 months at standard sites.</p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong> We did a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine across five sites in four African countries with differing malaria transmission intensities and seasonality. Children (aged 5–36 months) were enrolled and randomly assigned (2:1) to receive 5 μg R21 plus 50 μg Matrix-M or a control vaccine (licensed rabies vaccine [Abhayrab]). Participants, their families, investigators, laboratory teams, and the local study team were masked to treatment. Vaccines were administered as three doses, 4 weeks apart, with a booster administered 12 months after the third dose. Half of the children were recruited at two sites with seasonal malaria transmission and the remainder at standard sites with perennial malaria transmission using age-based immunisation. The primary objective was protective efficacy of R21/Matrix-M from 14 days after third vaccination to 12 months after completion of the primary series at seasonal and standard sites separately as co-primary endpoints. Vaccine efficacy against multiple malaria episodes and severe malaria, as well as safety and immunogenicity, were also assessed. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04704830, and is ongoing.</p>
<p><strong>Findings</strong> From April 26, 2021, to Jan 12, 2022, 5477 children consented to be screened, of whom 1705 were randomly assigned to control vaccine and 3434 to R21/Matrix-M; 4878 participants received the first dose of vaccine. 3103 participants in the R21/Matrix-M group and 1541 participants in the control group were included in the modified per-protocol analysis (2412 [51·9%] male and 2232 [48·1%] female). R21/Matrix-M vaccine was well tolerated, with injection site pain (301 [18·6%] of 1615 participants) and fever (754 [46·7%] of 1615 participants) as the most frequent adverse events. Number of adverse events of special interest and serious adverse events did not significantly differ between the vaccine groups. There were no treatment-related deaths. 12-month vaccine efficacy was 75% (95% CI 71–79; p<0·0001) at the seasonal sites and 68% (61–74; p<0·0001) at the standard sites for time to first clinical malaria episode. Similarly, vaccine efficacy against multiple clinical malaria episodes was 75% (71–78; p<0·0001) at the seasonal sites and 67% (59–73; p<0·0001) at standard sites. A modest reduction in vaccine efficacy was observed over the first 12 months of follow-up, of similar size at seasonal and standard sites. A rate reduction of 868 (95% CI 762–974) cases per 1000 children-years at seasonal sites and 296 (231–362) at standard sites occurred over 12 months. Vaccine-induced antibodies against the conserved central Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP) repeat sequence of circumsporozoite protein correlated with vaccine efficacy. Higher NANP-specific antibody titres were observed in the 5–17 month age group compared with 18–36 month age group, and the younger age group had the highest 12-month vaccine efficacy on time to first clinical malaria episode at seasonal (79% [95% CI 73–84]; p<0·001) and standard (75% [65–83]; p<0·001) sites.</p>
<p><strong>Interpretation</strong> R21/Matrix-M was well tolerated and offered high efficacy against clinical malaria in African children. This low-cost, high-efficacy vaccine is already licensed by several African countries, and recently received a WHO policy recommendation and prequalification, offering large-scale supply to help reduce the great burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.</p>
<p><strong>Funding</strong> The Serum Institute of India, the Wellcome Trust, the UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and Open Philanthropy.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T03:57:40Z |
| format | Journal article |
| id | oxford-uuid:45fa32fb-bb0a-47e0-9c7e-9337635e57ec |
| institution | University of Oxford |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T03:57:40Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oxford-uuid:45fa32fb-bb0a-47e0-9c7e-9337635e57ec2024-03-26T16:35:58ZSafety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trialJournal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcuuid:45fa32fb-bb0a-47e0-9c7e-9337635e57ecEnglishSymplectic ElementsElsevier2024Datoo, MSDicko, ATinto, HOuédraogo, J-BHamaluba, MOlotu, ABeaumont, ERamos Lopez, FNatama, HMWeston, SChemba, MCompaore, YDIssiaka, DSalou, DSome, AMOmenda, SLawrie, ABejon, PRao, HChandramohan, DRoberts, RBharati, SStockdale, LGairola, SGreenwood, BMEwer, KJBradley, JKulkarni, PSShaligram, UHill, AVSR21/Matrix-M Phase 3 Trial Group<p><strong>Background</strong> Recently, we found that a new malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, had over 75% efficacy against clinical malaria with seasonal administration in a phase 2b trial in Burkina Faso. Here, we report on safety and efficacy of the vaccine in a phase 3 trial enrolling over 4800 children across four countries followed for up to 18 months at seasonal sites and 12 months at standard sites.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong> We did a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine across five sites in four African countries with differing malaria transmission intensities and seasonality. Children (aged 5–36 months) were enrolled and randomly assigned (2:1) to receive 5 μg R21 plus 50 μg Matrix-M or a control vaccine (licensed rabies vaccine [Abhayrab]). Participants, their families, investigators, laboratory teams, and the local study team were masked to treatment. Vaccines were administered as three doses, 4 weeks apart, with a booster administered 12 months after the third dose. Half of the children were recruited at two sites with seasonal malaria transmission and the remainder at standard sites with perennial malaria transmission using age-based immunisation. The primary objective was protective efficacy of R21/Matrix-M from 14 days after third vaccination to 12 months after completion of the primary series at seasonal and standard sites separately as co-primary endpoints. Vaccine efficacy against multiple malaria episodes and severe malaria, as well as safety and immunogenicity, were also assessed. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04704830, and is ongoing.</p> <p><strong>Findings</strong> From April 26, 2021, to Jan 12, 2022, 5477 children consented to be screened, of whom 1705 were randomly assigned to control vaccine and 3434 to R21/Matrix-M; 4878 participants received the first dose of vaccine. 3103 participants in the R21/Matrix-M group and 1541 participants in the control group were included in the modified per-protocol analysis (2412 [51·9%] male and 2232 [48·1%] female). R21/Matrix-M vaccine was well tolerated, with injection site pain (301 [18·6%] of 1615 participants) and fever (754 [46·7%] of 1615 participants) as the most frequent adverse events. Number of adverse events of special interest and serious adverse events did not significantly differ between the vaccine groups. There were no treatment-related deaths. 12-month vaccine efficacy was 75% (95% CI 71–79; p<0·0001) at the seasonal sites and 68% (61–74; p<0·0001) at the standard sites for time to first clinical malaria episode. Similarly, vaccine efficacy against multiple clinical malaria episodes was 75% (71–78; p<0·0001) at the seasonal sites and 67% (59–73; p<0·0001) at standard sites. A modest reduction in vaccine efficacy was observed over the first 12 months of follow-up, of similar size at seasonal and standard sites. A rate reduction of 868 (95% CI 762–974) cases per 1000 children-years at seasonal sites and 296 (231–362) at standard sites occurred over 12 months. Vaccine-induced antibodies against the conserved central Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP) repeat sequence of circumsporozoite protein correlated with vaccine efficacy. Higher NANP-specific antibody titres were observed in the 5–17 month age group compared with 18–36 month age group, and the younger age group had the highest 12-month vaccine efficacy on time to first clinical malaria episode at seasonal (79% [95% CI 73–84]; p<0·001) and standard (75% [65–83]; p<0·001) sites.</p> <p><strong>Interpretation</strong> R21/Matrix-M was well tolerated and offered high efficacy against clinical malaria in African children. This low-cost, high-efficacy vaccine is already licensed by several African countries, and recently received a WHO policy recommendation and prequalification, offering large-scale supply to help reduce the great burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.</p> <p><strong>Funding</strong> The Serum Institute of India, the Wellcome Trust, the UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and Open Philanthropy.</p> |
| spellingShingle | Datoo, MS Dicko, A Tinto, H Ouédraogo, J-B Hamaluba, M Olotu, A Beaumont, E Ramos Lopez, F Natama, HM Weston, S Chemba, M Compaore, YD Issiaka, D Salou, D Some, AM Omenda, S Lawrie, A Bejon, P Rao, H Chandramohan, D Roberts, R Bharati, S Stockdale, L Gairola, S Greenwood, BM Ewer, KJ Bradley, J Kulkarni, PS Shaligram, U Hill, AVS Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial |
| title | Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial |
| title_full | Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial |
| title_fullStr | Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial |
| title_short | Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial |
| title_sort | safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate r21 matrix m in african children a multicentre double blind randomised phase 3 trial |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT datooms safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT dickoa safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT tintoh safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT ouedraogojb safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT hamalubam safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT olotua safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT beaumonte safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT ramoslopezf safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT natamahm safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT westons safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT chembam safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT compaoreyd safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT issiakad safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT saloud safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT someam safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT omendas safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT lawriea safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT bejonp safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT raoh safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT chandramohand safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT robertsr safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT bharatis safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT stockdalel safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT gairolas safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT greenwoodbm safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT ewerkj safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT bradleyj safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT kulkarnips safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT shaligramu safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial AT hillavs safetyandefficacyofmalariavaccinecandidater21matrixminafricanchildrenamulticentredoubleblindrandomisedphase3trial |