Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow.
<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong><em>Plasmodium vivax</em> malaria remains a major public health burden in Myanmar. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the first-line treatment for <em>P. vivax</em>, has been reported in the country and has potential to undermine...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal article |
| Language: | English |
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BioMed Central
2017
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| _version_ | 1826285155317186560 |
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| author | Htun, M Mon, N Aye, K Hlaing, C Kyaw, M Handayuni, I Trimarsanto, H Bustos, D Ringwald, P Price, R Auburn, S Thriemer, K |
| author_facet | Htun, M Mon, N Aye, K Hlaing, C Kyaw, M Handayuni, I Trimarsanto, H Bustos, D Ringwald, P Price, R Auburn, S Thriemer, K |
| author_sort | Htun, M |
| collection | OXFORD |
| description | <p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong><em>Plasmodium vivax</em> malaria remains a major public health burden in Myanmar. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the first-line treatment for <em>P. vivax</em>, has been reported in the country and has potential to undermine local control efforts.</p> <p><strong>METHODS:</strong> Patients over 6 years of age with uncomplicated <em>P. vivax</em> mono-infection were enrolled into clinical efficacy studies in Myawaddy in 2014 and Kawthoung in 2012. Study participants received a standard dose of CQ (25 mg/kg over 3 days) followed by weekly review until day 28. <em>Pvmdr1</em> copy number (CN) and microsatellite diversity were assessed on samples from the patients enrolled in the clinical study and additional cross-sectional surveys undertaken in Myawaddy and Shwegyin in 2012.</p> <p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> A total of 85 patients were enrolled in the CQ clinical studies, 25 in Myawaddy and 60 in Kawthoung. One patient in Myawaddy (1.2%) had an early treatment failure and two patients (2.3%) in Kawthoung presented with late treatment failures on day 28. The day 28 efficacy was 92.0% (95% CI 71.6-97.9) in Myawaddy and 98.3% (95% CI 88.7-99.8) in Kawthoung. By day 2, 92.2% (23/25) in Myawaddy and 85.0% (51/60) in Kawthoung were aparasitaemic. Genotyping and <em>pvmdr1</em> CN assessment was undertaken on 43, 52 and 46 clinical isolates from Myawaddy, Kawthoung and Shwegyin respectively. <em>Pvmdr1</em> amplification was observed in 3.2% (1/31) of isolates in Myawaddy, 0% (0/49) in Kawthoung and 2.5% (1/40) in Shwegyin. Diversity was high in all sites (<em>H<sub>E</sub></em> 0.855-0.876), with low inter-population differentiation (<em>F<sub>ST</sub></em> 0.016-0.026, <em>P</em> < 0.05). </p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> Treatment failures after chloroquine were observed following chloroquine monotherapy, with <em>pvmdr1</em> amplification present in both Myawaddy and Shwegyin. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing P. vivax drug resistance surveillance in Myanmar, particularly given the potential connectivity between parasite population at different sites.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T01:24:36Z |
| format | Journal article |
| id | oxford-uuid:918a1fb5-d5b9-44ab-b62d-c6c65ad7db4d |
| institution | University of Oxford |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T01:24:36Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | BioMed Central |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oxford-uuid:918a1fb5-d5b9-44ab-b62d-c6c65ad7db4d2022-03-26T23:19:26ZChloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow.Journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcuuid:918a1fb5-d5b9-44ab-b62d-c6c65ad7db4dEnglishSymplectic Elements at OxfordBioMed Central2017Htun, MMon, NAye, KHlaing, CKyaw, MHandayuni, ITrimarsanto, HBustos, DRingwald, PPrice, RAuburn, SThriemer, K<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong><em>Plasmodium vivax</em> malaria remains a major public health burden in Myanmar. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the first-line treatment for <em>P. vivax</em>, has been reported in the country and has potential to undermine local control efforts.</p> <p><strong>METHODS:</strong> Patients over 6 years of age with uncomplicated <em>P. vivax</em> mono-infection were enrolled into clinical efficacy studies in Myawaddy in 2014 and Kawthoung in 2012. Study participants received a standard dose of CQ (25 mg/kg over 3 days) followed by weekly review until day 28. <em>Pvmdr1</em> copy number (CN) and microsatellite diversity were assessed on samples from the patients enrolled in the clinical study and additional cross-sectional surveys undertaken in Myawaddy and Shwegyin in 2012.</p> <p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> A total of 85 patients were enrolled in the CQ clinical studies, 25 in Myawaddy and 60 in Kawthoung. One patient in Myawaddy (1.2%) had an early treatment failure and two patients (2.3%) in Kawthoung presented with late treatment failures on day 28. The day 28 efficacy was 92.0% (95% CI 71.6-97.9) in Myawaddy and 98.3% (95% CI 88.7-99.8) in Kawthoung. By day 2, 92.2% (23/25) in Myawaddy and 85.0% (51/60) in Kawthoung were aparasitaemic. Genotyping and <em>pvmdr1</em> CN assessment was undertaken on 43, 52 and 46 clinical isolates from Myawaddy, Kawthoung and Shwegyin respectively. <em>Pvmdr1</em> amplification was observed in 3.2% (1/31) of isolates in Myawaddy, 0% (0/49) in Kawthoung and 2.5% (1/40) in Shwegyin. Diversity was high in all sites (<em>H<sub>E</sub></em> 0.855-0.876), with low inter-population differentiation (<em>F<sub>ST</sub></em> 0.016-0.026, <em>P</em> < 0.05). </p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> Treatment failures after chloroquine were observed following chloroquine monotherapy, with <em>pvmdr1</em> amplification present in both Myawaddy and Shwegyin. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing P. vivax drug resistance surveillance in Myanmar, particularly given the potential connectivity between parasite population at different sites.</p> |
| spellingShingle | Htun, M Mon, N Aye, K Hlaing, C Kyaw, M Handayuni, I Trimarsanto, H Bustos, D Ringwald, P Price, R Auburn, S Thriemer, K Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. |
| title | Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. |
| title_full | Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. |
| title_fullStr | Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. |
| title_short | Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. |
| title_sort | chloroquine efficacy for plasmodium vivax in myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow |
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