| Ամփոփում: | <p>Colombia aims to eliminate malaria by 2030 but remains one of the highest burden countries in the Americas. <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> contributes half of all malaria cases, with its control challenged by relapsing parasitaemia, drug resistance and cross-border spread. Using 64 Colombian <em>P. vivax</em> genomes collected between 2013 and 2017, we explored diversity and selection in two major foci of transmission: Chocó and Córdoba. Open-access data from other countries were used for comparative assessment of drug resistance candidates and to assess cross-border spread. Across Colombia, polyclonal infections were infrequent (12%), and infection connectivity was relatively high (median IBD = 5%), consistent with low endemicity. Chocó exhibited a higher frequency of polyclonal infections (23%) than Córdoba (7%), although the difference was not significant (<em>P</em> = 0.300). Most Colombian infections carried double <em>pvdhfr</em> (95%) and single <em>pvdhps</em> (71%) mutants, but other drug resistance mutations were less prevalent (< 10%). There was no evidence of selection at the <em>pvaat1</em> gene, whose <em>P. falciparum</em> orthologue has recently been implicated in chloroquine resistance. Global population comparisons identified other putative adaptations. Within the Americas, low-level connectivity was observed between Colombia and Peru, highlighting potential for cross-border spread. Our findings demonstrate the potential of molecular data to inform on infection spread and adaptation.</p>
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