| الملخص: | <p>Family background has been considered one of most important factors associated with child development across different settings (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 1997; Grantham-McGregor et al. 2007). Evidence from industrialized countries supports a strong link between different background factors, such as parental socio-economic status (SES), and parental cognitive and psychosocial skills on the one hand, and children’s cognitive and psychosocial skills on the other; these factors in turn are important determinants of educational achievement, earnings, and other key outcomes in later life (Osborne-Groves 2005a; Cunha et al. 2006; Blanden et al. 2007).</p>
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