| Summary: | The urgency of climate change has necessitated collective action to offer suitable local solutions to environmental challenges. This chapter examines the applicability of the frameworks of meta-organisations and clusters to facilitate climate action. The metaorganisations’ inherent characteristics of loose structures, competing interests, and independent members may limit their ability to facilitate collective action. This challenge can be addressed if the meta-organisational structure is flexible enough to accommodate multiple sub-clusters following distinct ‘cluster pathways’. This chapter exemplifies this proposition through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), a ‘meta-organisation’ with accredited intermediaries. Intermediaries in GCF help develop local implementation capability, limit local involvement by GCF, promote transparent funding distribution as well as accountability and transparency. We identify three types of clusters within GCF – Strategic, Thematic and Geographic – each with unique characteristics. Organisations combine participation in several clusters, developing their ‘cluster pathways’, which greatly influences their results. This chapter thus demonstrates how clusters build capabilities and networks through interactions within and across clusters, creating distinct pathways for action.
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