| Summary: | Aims: The aims were to (1) estimate the prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders in prisoners on reception to prison, and (2) estimate and test sources of between study heterogeneity Methods: Studies reporting the 12 month prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders in prisoners on reception to prison from 1 January 1966 to 11 August 2015 were identified from 7 bibliographic indexes. Primary studies involving clinical interviews or validated instruments leading to DSM or ICD diagnoses were included; self-report surveys and investigations that assessed individuals more than 3 months after arrival to prison were not. Random-effects meta-analysis, and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results: In total, 24 studies with a total of 18,388 prisoners across 10 countries were identified. The random-effects pooled prevalence estimate of alcohol use disorder was 24% (95% CI 21–27) with very high heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). These ranged from 16 to 51% in male and 10 to 30% in female prisoners. For drug use disorders, there was evidence of heterogeneity by sex, and the pooled prevalence estimate in male prisoners was 30% (95% CI 22–38; I2 = 98%; 13 studies; range 10-61%) and, in female prisoners, it was 51% (95% CI 43–58; I2 = 95%; 10 studies; range 30-69%). On meta-regression, sources of heterogeneity included higher prevalence of drug use disorders in women, increasing rates of drug use disorders in recent decades, and participation rate. Conclusions: Substance use disorders are highly prevalent in prisoners. Around a quarter of newly incarcerated prisoners of both sexes had an alcohol use disorder, and the prevalence of a drug use disorder was at least as high in men, and higher in women.
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