The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance
<p>Drug resistance is a significant challenge in the fight against malaria. Importantly, reduced efficacy has been reported against artemether (ATM)/Lumefantrine (LM) (LM-ATM), amodiaquine (AQ)/artesunate (AS) (AQ-AS), two important combination treatment regimens in Africa, and against piperaq...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2011
|
| Subjects: |
| _version_ | 1797097995488985088 |
|---|---|
| author | Mwai, L |
| author2 | Marsh, K |
| author_facet | Marsh, K Mwai, L |
| author_sort | Mwai, L |
| collection | OXFORD |
| description | <p>Drug resistance is a significant challenge in the fight against malaria. Importantly, reduced efficacy has been reported against artemether (ATM)/Lumefantrine (LM) (LM-ATM), amodiaquine (AQ)/artesunate (AS) (AQ-AS), two important combination treatment regimens in Africa, and against piperaquine (PQ), a drug which has been evaluated as a potential alternative in Africa, in combination with dihydroarteminisin (DHA). Chloroquine (CQ) resistance in P.falciparum is associated with two main transporters PfCRT and PfMDR1. I investigated the mechanisms of resistance to PQ, LM and AQ, with the overall goal of identifying molecular markers that can be used to track resistance. I used CQ as a reference.</p><p>The key antimalarial drugs were highly active against clinical isolates from Kilifi, Kenya with median inhibitory concentrations (IC<sub>50</sub>s) of <5nM for DHA and <55 nM for CQ, AQ, PQ, LM and DEAQ (desethylamodiaquine, the active metabolite of AQ). pfcrt-76 and pfmdr1-86 mutations were associated with AQ, DEAQ and LM but not DHA or PQ activity. Interestingly, > 20% of analysed isolates had decreased susceptibility to LM (IC<sub>50</sub> >100nM); these isolates were the most susceptible to CQ and carried wild type genotypes at pfcrt-76 and pfmdr1-86. I observed that CQ resistance had been declining in Kilifi since 1993 (prior to CQ withdrawal) to 2006 (7 years after its withdrawal), similar to observations in Malawi. My results support the hypothesis that susceptibility to antimalarial drugs returns when drug pressure is removed, and suggest that the use of LM-ATM may hasten the return of CQ susceptibility.</p><p>Continued monitoring of drug susceptibility is crucial. pfcrt-76 and pfmdr1-86 may be useful molecular markers of LM-ATM efficacy in Kilifi and other African sites. Using a microarray approach, I identified additional genes (including various transporters) that may contribute to LM resistance. I recommend further studies to clarify the exact roles of the identified genes.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T05:03:19Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oxford-uuid:d90f828a-63d4-48aa-9781-3ca2de55e451 |
| institution | University of Oxford |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T05:03:19Z |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oxford-uuid:d90f828a-63d4-48aa-9781-3ca2de55e4512022-03-27T08:53:12ZThe activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistanceThesishttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06uuid:d90f828a-63d4-48aa-9781-3ca2de55e451Clinical laboratory sciencesClinical microbiologyMalariaPharmacologyMedical SciencesBiologyMultidrug resistanceGenetics (life sciences)ParasitologyPublic HealthGenetics (medical sciences)Tropical medicineInfectious diseasesLife SciencesBioinformatics (life sciences)EnglishOxford University Research Archive - Valet2011Mwai, LMarsh, KNzila, A<p>Drug resistance is a significant challenge in the fight against malaria. Importantly, reduced efficacy has been reported against artemether (ATM)/Lumefantrine (LM) (LM-ATM), amodiaquine (AQ)/artesunate (AS) (AQ-AS), two important combination treatment regimens in Africa, and against piperaquine (PQ), a drug which has been evaluated as a potential alternative in Africa, in combination with dihydroarteminisin (DHA). Chloroquine (CQ) resistance in P.falciparum is associated with two main transporters PfCRT and PfMDR1. I investigated the mechanisms of resistance to PQ, LM and AQ, with the overall goal of identifying molecular markers that can be used to track resistance. I used CQ as a reference.</p><p>The key antimalarial drugs were highly active against clinical isolates from Kilifi, Kenya with median inhibitory concentrations (IC<sub>50</sub>s) of <5nM for DHA and <55 nM for CQ, AQ, PQ, LM and DEAQ (desethylamodiaquine, the active metabolite of AQ). pfcrt-76 and pfmdr1-86 mutations were associated with AQ, DEAQ and LM but not DHA or PQ activity. Interestingly, > 20% of analysed isolates had decreased susceptibility to LM (IC<sub>50</sub> >100nM); these isolates were the most susceptible to CQ and carried wild type genotypes at pfcrt-76 and pfmdr1-86. I observed that CQ resistance had been declining in Kilifi since 1993 (prior to CQ withdrawal) to 2006 (7 years after its withdrawal), similar to observations in Malawi. My results support the hypothesis that susceptibility to antimalarial drugs returns when drug pressure is removed, and suggest that the use of LM-ATM may hasten the return of CQ susceptibility.</p><p>Continued monitoring of drug susceptibility is crucial. pfcrt-76 and pfmdr1-86 may be useful molecular markers of LM-ATM efficacy in Kilifi and other African sites. Using a microarray approach, I identified additional genes (including various transporters) that may contribute to LM resistance. I recommend further studies to clarify the exact roles of the identified genes.</p> |
| spellingShingle | Clinical laboratory sciences Clinical microbiology Malaria Pharmacology Medical Sciences Biology Multidrug resistance Genetics (life sciences) Parasitology Public Health Genetics (medical sciences) Tropical medicine Infectious diseases Life Sciences Bioinformatics (life sciences) Mwai, L The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| title | The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| title_full | The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| title_fullStr | The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| title_short | The activities of various antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kilifi Kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| title_sort | activities of various antimalarial drugs on plasmodium falciparum isolates in kilifi kenya and studies on mechanisms of resistance |
| topic | Clinical laboratory sciences Clinical microbiology Malaria Pharmacology Medical Sciences Biology Multidrug resistance Genetics (life sciences) Parasitology Public Health Genetics (medical sciences) Tropical medicine Infectious diseases Life Sciences Bioinformatics (life sciences) |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mwail theactivitiesofvariousantimalarialdrugsonplasmodiumfalciparumisolatesinkilifikenyaandstudiesonmechanismsofresistance AT mwail activitiesofvariousantimalarialdrugsonplasmodiumfalciparumisolatesinkilifikenyaandstudiesonmechanismsofresistance |