Thermally stable perovskite solar cells by all-vacuum deposition

<p>Vacuum&nbsp;deposition&nbsp;is a solvent-free method suitable for growing thin films of metal halide&nbsp;perovskite&nbsp;(MHP) semiconductors. However, most reports of high-efficiency&nbsp;solar&nbsp;cells&nbsp;based on such&nbsp;vacuum-deposited MHP films i...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yuan, Q, Lohmann, KB, Oliver, RDJ, Ramadan, AJ, Yan, S, Ball, JM, Christoforo, MG, Noel, NK, Snaith, HJ, Herz, LM, Johnston, M
Format: Journal article
Language:English
Published: American Chemical Society 2022
Description
Summary:<p>Vacuum&nbsp;deposition&nbsp;is a solvent-free method suitable for growing thin films of metal halide&nbsp;perovskite&nbsp;(MHP) semiconductors. However, most reports of high-efficiency&nbsp;solar&nbsp;cells&nbsp;based on such&nbsp;vacuum-deposited MHP films incorporate solution-processed hole transport layers (HTLs), thereby complicating prospects of industrial upscaling and potentially affecting the overall device&nbsp;stability. In this work, we investigate organometallic copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as alternative, low-cost, and durable HTLs in all-vacuum-deposited solvent-free formamidinium-cesium lead triodide [CH(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>0.83</sub>Cs<sub>0.17</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;(FACsPbI<sub>3</sub>)&nbsp;perovskite&nbsp;solar&nbsp;cells. We elucidate that the CuPc HTL, when employed in an &ldquo;inverted&rdquo; p&ndash;i&ndash;n&nbsp;solar&nbsp;cell configuration, attains a&nbsp;solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiency of up to 13.9%. Importantly, unencapsulated devices as large as 1 cm<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;exhibited excellent long-term&nbsp;stability, demonstrating no observable degradation in efficiency after more than 5000 h in storage and 3700 h under 85 &deg;C thermal stressing in N<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;atmosphere.</p>